Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 33 hepatocellular carcinomas, induced in woodchucks by chronic infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a virus closely related to the human hepatitis B virus, were analyzed for the state of viral DNA, the expression of viral genes and of different cellular proto-oncogenes. Low levels of viral replication and presence of integrated viral forms including sequences of the enhancer element, appeared as a general rule in these tumors. Enhanced expression of one or more of the nuclear protooncogenes: c-myc, N-myc, c-fos, c-jun and jun-B was frequently observed. In two hepatomas, elevated expression and allelic alterations of c-myc were subsequent to integration of WHV DNA near the c-myc coding domain. The viral strategy for insertional activation of c-myc in these tumors appeared basically identical to that of mammalian retroviruses in T-cell lymphomas of mice and rats. Whether insertional mutagenesis of different oncogenes may be more generally linked to liver oncogenesis induced by WHV and hepatitis B viruses remains to be determined.
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PMID:Integration of hepatitis virus DNA near c-myc in woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma. 217 71

The recent finding of c-myc activation by insertion of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA in two independent hepatocellular carcinoma has given support to the hypothesis that integration of hepatitis B viruses into the host genome, observed in most human and woodchuck liver tumours, might contribute to oncogenesis. We report here high frequency of woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA integrations in two newly identified N-myc genes: N-myc1, the homologue of known mammalian N-myc genes, and N-myc2, an intronless 'complementary DNA gene' or 'retroposon' that has retained extensive coding and transforming homology with N-myc. N-myc2 is totally silent in normal liver, but is overexpressed without genetic rearrangements in most liver tumours. Moreover, viral integrations occur within either N-myc1 or N-myc2 in about 20% of the tumours, giving rise to chimaeric messenger RNAs in which the 3' untranslated region of N-myc was replaced by woodchuck hepatitis virus sequences encompassing the viral enhancer. Insertion sites were clustered in a short sequence of the third exon that coincides with a retroviral integration hotspot within the murine N-myc gene, recently described in T-cell lymphomas induced by murine leukaemia virus. Thus, comparable mechanisms, leading to deregulated expression of N-myc genes, may operate in the development of tumours induced either by hepatitis virus or by nonacute retroviruses in rodents. Activation of myc genes by insertion of hepadnavirus DNA now emerges as a common event in the genesis of woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Frequent activation of N-myc genes by hepadnavirus insertion in woodchuck liver tumours. 216 90

Primary hepatic lymphomas represent rare neoplasms, which are partly observed in association with chronic viral hepatitis, immunosuppression and autoimmune diseases. In contrast, secondary hepatic lymphomas are much more frequent and represent disseminated disease. Lymphomas involving the liver include, with decreasing frequency, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Many B-cell lymphomas in the liver reveal a characteristic infiltration pattern allowing a rapid and cost-effective diagnosis based on focused immunohistochemical analyses. In contrast, most T-cell lymphomas show a more diverse morphology, which is sometimes difficult to differentiate from a reactive condition. Therefore, additional molecular analyses are frequently necessary. The differential diagnosis includes hepatitis and inflammatory bile duct diseases, undifferentiated carcinoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor as well as histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms.
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PMID:[Malignant lymphomas of the liver: new diagnostic algorithms]. 1675 66

Ultraviolet blood irradiation (UBI) was used with success in the 1930s and 1940s for a variety of diseases. Despite the success, the lack of understanding of the detailed mechanisms of actions, and the achievements of antibiotics, phased off the use of UBI from the 1950s. The emergence of novel viral infections, from HIV/AIDS to Ebola, from SARS and MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, bring back the attention to this therapeutical opportunity. UBI has a complex virucidal activity, mostly acting on the immune system response. It has effects on lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells), macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and lipids. The Knott technique was applied for bacterial infections such as tuberculosis to viral infections such as hepatitis or influenza. The more complex extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is also being applied to hematological cancers such as T-cell lymphomas. Further studies of UBI may help to create a useful device that may find applications for novel viruses that are resistant to known antivirals or vaccines, or also bacteria that are resistant to known antibiotics.
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PMID:Use of Ultraviolet Blood Irradiation Against Viral Infections. 3302 1