Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study of the distribution of subtypes ad and ay among sera from hepatitis B antigen-positive subjects in North West England and North Wales revealed a marked contrast between symptomless carriers among whom ad predominated and patients with acute hepatitis the majority of whom were ay. Those with hepatitis associated with drug addiction or other forms of "needle transmission" were almost all of subtype ay. On the other hand in cases of "sporadic" hepatitis without evidence of parenteral exposure subtypes ad and ay are about equally distributed. These findings are similar to those reported from other countries in Northern Europe and North America. Although geographical and social factors clearly affect the distribution of the two subtypes it is suggested that the virus of subtype ay may be more readily transmitted than subtype ad by parenteral routes involving small amounts of blood.
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PMID:Subtypes of hepatitis B antigen among patients and symptomless carriers. 4 35

A consecutive series of 115 patients hospitalized with acute viral hepatitis in Copenhagen was studied for serological markers for hepatitis A and B virus. Thirty-nine patients had type B, 66 had type A, 3 had both type A and B, and 7 had type non-A non-B. Of the patients 81% were between 15 and 40 years of age, and there was a dominance of males due to an overrepresentation of homosexual males (30%) in both the A and B group. The main type of exposure to hepatitis type A was travel to foreign countries (53%), and for type B it was drug addiction (41%). In types A and B the duration of jaundice was positively correlated to the age of the patients but did not vary with sex or type of exposure. There was no difference in maximum alanine aminotransferase levels between the groups, but maximum bilirubin levels were lower for the type A group. Patients with hepatitis type A had a higher level of IgM than those with type B and with type non-A and non-B. We conclude that both clinically acute hepatitis type A and type B occur mainly in young adults and that foreign travel, drug addiction, and homosexuality increase the risk of getting acute hepatitis.
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PMID:Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute hepatitis types A, B, and non-A non-B. 12 1

In order to evaluate the surfactant maturation of the neonate, tracheal aspirates were analyzed in 84 newborn infants with 12h of birth. Using 2-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, 9 different phospholipids were identified. Dynamic surface tension measurements were performed with a modified Wilhelmy balance. Five different groups of infants with typical phospholipid patterns were characterized: i.e., 1. Normal term newborn. 2. RDS in the preterm infant. 3. Acceleration of lung maturity in preterm infants without RDS. 4. Retardation in term infants with RDS. 5. Therapeutic induction of pulmonary maturity in preterm infants following maternal glucocorticoid administration. Mature lung effluent contains high concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phsophatidylglycerol (PG). In infants with RDS, PC is low and PG absent. Accelerated lung maturity was observed after chronic prenatal stress, such as prolonged rupture of the membranes, chronic vaginal bleeding, and maternal hepatitis or drug addiction. Retardation of pulmonary maturity was seen in infants with alpha-1-AT-deficiency, maternal diabetes and maternal hypothyroidism. Administration of methylprednisolone to the mother 24 h to 72h before birth induced both the synthesis of PC and PG in the preterm infants, resulting in an almost full-term phospholipid pattern as early as 31 weeks of gestation. The significance of these factors on the pathogenesis of RDS is discussed.
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PMID:Factors influencing surfactant composition in the newborn infant. 30 91

The association drug addiction-hepatitis has so increased in recent years to represent a social epidemiological and clinical problem all over the world. Although the clinical picture of hepatitis is already well defined in drug-abusers, it remains to be completely understood the mechanism responsible for the significant incidence of progression from acute to chronic hepatitis in this population. The viral infection, the drug itself, the drug contaminants, the immunological defects (cellular and/or humoral) may be considered as possible contributing factors to this event. For this reason the Authors have performed an immunological study either in a group of drug-abusers with acute and chronic hepatitis, or in a group of 82 "asymptomatic" drug addicts without a history of liver diseases. The results of this study are the following: - In all the drug-addicts considered there is a common contact with virus B. - There are significant alternations of the cellular and humoral immunity in drug-addicts with acute and chronic hepatitis. - In the "asymptomatic" group the humoral immunity is slightly altered (hyper IgM, circulating immunocomplexes), while normal the cellular response. All these findings are critically evaluated also in respect with the new immunopathological mechanisms of hepatitis B.
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PMID:[Hepatitis and drug addiction: clinical and immunological studies]. 55 26

During a total population survey of viral hepatitis in the London Boroughs of Hounslow, Richmond and Ealing, 784 patients were seen in three years from 1 March 1972 to 28 February 1975. A diagnosis of viral hepatitis was accepted in 489. The annual incidence was 24 per 100 000. 455 of the patients were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by a radioimmunoassay technique and 93 (20%) of these were positive. The majority of the patients with type B hepatitis were in their third or fourth decades. None was under the age of 16. The male to female ratio among patients with hepatitis B was 2 to 1 in those under the age of 30 and 5 to 1 in those aged 30 and over. The seasonal distribution of viral hepatitis showed a peak in the spring, solely from an increased incidence of non-B hepatitis, and a second, smaller peak in the autumn. There was no appreciable clustering of patients except for one local outbreak in a housing estate during the first year affecting mainly children going to the same primary school, and their parents. Patients with hepatitis B had a longer pre-icteric illness (p less than 0.05), greater duration of jaundice (p less than 0.001) and higher peak levels of serum bilirubin (p less than 0.0005) and serum alanine amino transferase (A1T) (p less than 0.03) than patients with non-B hepatitis. The finding of the surface antigen was also associated with a higher frequency of skin rash (p less than 0.0005) and a greater duration of arthralgia (p less than 0.03). Among the HBsAg negative patients the incidence of arthralgia increased with age (p less than 0.0005). Abdominal pain (p less than 0.005) and vomiting (p less than 0.005) were more common in the young. The injection experience of patients with hepatitis B showed a high proportion of 'non-therapeutic' exposure such as drug addiction. Significantly more HBsAg positive men were single than in the local community (p less than 0.001) or among the HBsAg negative men (p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the proportions of single women among the antigen positive and negative patients. Many of the HBsAg positive single men were either known to be or strongly suspected of being homosexual. The ad subtype of the HBsAg was found more often in males (p less than 0.01), particularly over the age of 30. All eight drug addicts tested for subtype were ay, as were two non-addicted female consorts. The association between addiction and ay subtype was highly significant in the males (p less than 0.001). The ad subtype was found in all 11 of the admitted homosexual HBsAg positive men and in all but one of the 17 strongly suspected of being homosexual.
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PMID:A three-year survey of viral hepatitis in West London. 71 74

Since September of 1972, the Drug Dependence Treatment Unit has been screening its narcotic addict patients for the hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA). Among a random population of 243 patients, 2% were positive HAA, a relatively high incidence.
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PMID:Incidence of hepatitis-associated antigen among male narcotic addicts in a drug treatment program. 120 76

The anti-HCV antibody (C100-3) is present in the serum of 70-90% of patients that are carriers of posttransfusion non-A non-B hepatitis. This marker appears to be associated with a viral replication and infectiousness state. Since 1st August 1990 the Swiss Red Cross Transfusion Service has operated a systematic search for anti-HCV antibodies for every blood donation. The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in a donor population, look for the risk factors in the anti-HCV positive group, look for biological symptoms and signs of chronic hepatitis, and compare the data with that from an anti-HCV negative control group. From August to March 1991, 20,373 donors were tested by EIA (Ortho). The presence of anti-HCV antibody was confirmed by a neutralization test (Abbott). The donors in which both tests were positive formed the group studied (55 subjects). Their data was compared with that of a control group of anti-HCV negative donors. The prevalence of anti-HCV antibody in the group of 20,373 donors was 0.29%. Possible parenteral exposure to hepatitis C virus was found in 47% of anti-HCV positive subjects (30% blood transfusion, 9% i.v. drug addiction, 8% tattooing). 42% of the anti-HCV positive donors had no risk factor presently known for hepatitis C. 27% of anti-HCV positive donors had elevated transaminase levels. Until more effective screening tests are introduced it appears necessary to stress the previous history of future blood donors in order to search for hepatitis C risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Prevalence of anti-HCV (C100-3) antibodies in 20.373 blood donors]. 141 11

More than 300 nursing assistants took part in the 2nd National Congress of Nursing Assistants that featured the topics of drug addiction,hepatitis, and AIDS. The conclusions affirmed the lack of precise information about the risk that health personnel are exposed to during contact with hepatitis or AIDS patients. This hinders the establishment of maximum preventive safety. The fear of AIDS extends to the families of these workers who contemplate abandoning their profession. Until 1989 there had been 1 known case of a health worker becoming infected with AIDS from contact with a patient, but it could not be confirmed if this was the only case because of lack of studies. On the other hand, the reticence of these workers also has to be penetrated for appropriate analysis. The infected patients receive maximum care in view of the fact there is no vaccine or effective treatment available for AIDS. However, the suspicion of a patient being infected with HIV has to be conveyed immediately to assistant nurses who are in contact with the patient. The confidentiality of the infection has to be preserved, by all professionals have to know that this is a high risk case, and it has to appear in the clinical history chart. Substances used by drug addicts have to classified accurately with their consequences and the preventive measures that society has to establish for checking the spread of drug addiction.
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PMID:[The general conclusions of the II Congress of Nursing Assistants. Nursing assistants demand more information on AIDS and hepatitis]. 155 70

The behaviour of drug addicts and alcoholics leads to the cooperation of risk factors concerning the development of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The authors evaluate the prevalence of infections from B, C and Delta virus among a group of 40 intravenous drug users and 40 alcoholics affering to a territorial centre for drug dependence located in Valtellina (Italy). The prevalence of at least one serum marker of virus B, C or Delta hepatitis results to be 85% among drug addicts and 17% among alcoholics. The prevalence of Anti-HCV in alcoholics results to be much lower than found in former works. For what concerns the hepatitis B virus, 68% of the drug addicts and 10% of the alcoholics had at least one positive serum marker. The hepatitis B seronegative patients underwent vaccination with a recombinant-DNA vaccine. Those affected by chronic C hepatitis have been treated with alpha-recombinant interferon. All of the patients underwent health education, psychotherapy and drug-addiction therapy for a period of 8 months. These strategies in prevention and therapy aim to the reduction over the years of the incidence of chronic hepatitis liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma among intravenous drug users and alcoholics.
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PMID:[Prevalence of liver damage in alcoholics and drug addicts]. 176 28

Aside from disease induced by the direct pharmacological effect of heroin or cocaine, the occurrence of several medical complications not directly related to the drug itself is becoming an increasingly serious problem. In addition to the well-known occurrence of infective diseases, including AIDS, related to the i.v. use of heroin, heroin addicts also seem significantly more at risk for chronic nephropathy. Amyloidotic nephropathy is especially frequent in addicts who use heroin by subcutaneous route (skin popping); it seems to be mediated by an immunologic mechanism. Amyloidotic nephropathy is the main cause of renal failure among drug addicted subjects. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the most frequent medical complications observed in cocaine users. However, the occurrence of infective disease, such as endocarditis or hepatitis related to the parenteral use of the drug, is becoming frequent in these patients. Pulmonary disease is also common due to the route of administration of crack. These medical complications of drug addiction belong to the specific field of internal medicine and should be promptly recognized and treated by the physician.
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PMID:[Medical complications connected with the use of drugs]. 177 47


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