Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To identify environmental, viral, and genetic factors that may influence the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), large prospective studies are being conducted in Haimen City, China and Senegal, and a case-control study of genetic variation in the detoxification of aflatoxin-B1 was carried out in Shanghai, China. Analysis of 78 HCCs that have occurred among 51,020 men enrolled in a large prospective study in Haimen City, China showed a strong association of HCC with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. There were also significant associations of HCC risk with occupation (farming), history of a clinical episode of hepatitis in adulthood, and a family history of HCC. Study of 52 HCC cases and 116 controls for genetic polymorphisms and HCC risk showed a significant association with epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) mutant alleles (1/2, 2/2) and a borderline association with homozygous deletion of the glutathione-S-transferase mu (GSTM1) gene. There was a multiplicative interaction of these polymorphisms with chronic HBV infection such that HBsAg-positive persons who were GSTM1 null and were EPHX 1/2 or 2/2 had 135 times the risk of HCC as HBsAg-negative persons with the wild type genotypes for GSTM1 and EPHX. The risk of HCC is not uniform among persons with chronic HBV or HCV infections. Studies of genetic, viral, and environmental interactions may permit identification of those individuals at highest risk within groups at increased risk of HCC. Prevention strategies could then be targeted at those individuals.
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PMID:Molecular and genetic epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: studies in China and Senegal. 887 9

Apart from infectious or viral hepatitis, other most common non-infectious causes of hepatitis are alcohol, cholestatic, drugs and toxic materials. The most common mode that leads to liver injuries is antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. The severity of drug-induced liver injury varies from minor nonspecific changes in hepatic structure to fulminant hepatic failure, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Patients receiving antitubercular drug frequently develop acute or chronic hepatitis. The time required for the metabolites to reach hepatotoxic levels is much earlier with isoniazid plus rifampicin treatment than isoniazid alone and this has been shown to be synergistic rather than additive. Antituberculosis drug (ATT)-inducible cytochrome P-4502E1 (CYP2E1) is constitutively expressed in the liver. Recent studies show that polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genes and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) are the major susceptibility risk factors for ATT-induced hepatitis. The hepatic NAT and GST are involved in the metabolism of several carcinogenic arylamines and drugs. The NAT2 enzyme has a genetic polymorphism in human. N-acetyltransferase 2 genes (NAT2) have been identified to be responsible for genetic polymorphism of slow and rapid acetylation in humans. Slow acetylators of NAT2 prove to develop more severe hepatotoxicity than rapid acetylators making it a significant risk factor. Deficiency of GST activity, because of homozygous null mutations at GSTM1 and GSTT1 loci, may modulate susceptibility to drug and xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity. Polymorphisms at GSTM1, GSTT1 and NAT2 loci had been linked to various forms of liver injury, including hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis: risk factors, prevention and management. 1533 88

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multifactorial disease with various host and environmental factors involved in its etiology. Of these, aflatoxin exposure has been established as an important risk factor in the development of HCC; the presence of aflatoxin-albumin (AA) adducts in the blood serves as a valuable biomarker of human exposure. In this study, the relationship between a variety of different HCC host factors and the incidence of AA adduct levels was examined in a Ghanaian population at high risk for HCC. These factors included age, gender, hepatitis virus B (HVB) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) status, and genetic polymorphisms in both microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Blood samples were analyzed for AA adducts and HBV and HCV status. GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms and mEH exon 3 and exon 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined from urine samples. In univariate analysis, age, HBV and HVC status, and GSTT1 and mEH exon 3 genotypes were not associated with AA adduct levels. However, mean adduct levels were significantly higher in both females and individuals typed heterozygous for mEH exon 4 (vs. wild types). Stratification analysis also showed that gender along with mEH exon 4 genotype and HBV status had a significant effect on adduct levels. Both females typed HBsAg+ and males with mEH exon 4 heterozygote genotypes showed significantly higher adduct levels as compared to the HBsAg- and wild types, respectively. Understanding the relationships between these host factors and the variability in aflatoxin-adduct levels may help in identifying susceptible populations in developing countries and for targeting specific public health interventions for the prevention of aflatoxicoses in populations with HCC and chronic liver diseases.
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PMID:Determinants of the variability of aflatoxin-albumin adduct levels in Ghanaians. 1716 98

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an important occupational and environmental pollutant. In TNT-exposed humans, notable toxic manifestations have included aplastic anaemia, toxic hepatitis, cataracts, hepatomegaly, and liver cancer. Therefore, methods were developed to biomonitor workers exposed to TNT. The workers were employed in a typical ammunition factory in China. The external dose (air levels and skin exposure), the internal dose (urinary metabolites), the biologically effective dose (haemoglobin adducts, urinary mutagenicity), biological effects (chromosomal aberrations and health effects), and individual susceptibility (genotypes of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes) were determined. Haemoglobin-adducts of TNT, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT), and the urinary metabolites of TNT, 4ADNT and 2ADNT, were found in all workers and in some controls. The levels of the haemoglobin-adducts or the urinary metabolites correlated weakly with the skin or air levels of TNT. The urinary mutagenicity determined in a subset of workers correlated strongly with the levels of 4ADNT and 2ADNT in urine. The haemoglobin-adducts correlated moderately with the urinary metabolites and with the urinary mutagenicity. The genotypes of glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and N-acetyltransferases (NAT1, NAT2) were determined. In general, the genotypes did not significantly influence the haemoglobin-adduct levels and the urine metabolite levels. However, TNT-exposed workers who carried the NAT1 rapid acetylator genotype showed an increase in urinary mutagenicity and chromosomal aberrations as compared with slow acetylators. The haemoglobin adduct 4ADNT was significantly associated with a risk of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and cataract; urine metabolites and genotypes were not associated with health effects. These results indicate that a set of well-selected biomarkers may be more informative regarding exposure and effect than routinely performed chemical measurements of pollutants in the air or on the skin.
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PMID:Comparison of biomarkers in workers exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. 1743 51

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cancer worldwide, the main etiological factors being chronic infections with hepatitis B and C viruses. Genetic polymorphic forms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPHX) have been associated with risk for various malignancies. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the association of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes and mEPHX polymorphisms with hepatitis virus-related HCC risk in an Indian population. Three groups of subjects were considered, control (n = 169), chronic viral hepatitis (n = 174), and HCC (n = 63). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for this polymorphic study. Genotype distributions between categories were compared using the chi2 test; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval were calculated to express the relative risk. GSTT1 null genotype was associated with 2.23-fold (p < 0.05) increased risk for HCC development as compared to the control group. However, GSTM1 null genotype was found to have a protective effect when hepatitis patients were considered. In case of mEPHX, R139R imposed a risk factor for HCC with both control (OR = 1.81) and chronic hepatitis-infected (OR = 2.06) subjects. Combination of heterozygous mutant genotypes at mEPHX exons 3 and 4 revealed a twofold risk (nonsignificant) for HCC. Further, combination of GSTM1 and T1 genotypes with either of exon 3 or 4 polymorphism of mEPHX displayed synergistic associations (risk or protective) for HCC development. GST and mEPHX variants share a positive association with viral-related HCC risk in Indian population, although a larger sample size is still required to confirm the results.
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PMID:Glutathione-S-transferase and microsomal epoxide hydrolase polymorphism and viral-related hepatocellular carcinoma risk in India. 1881 71

Adverse reactions induced by antituberculosis drugs (ATD) often result in serious morbidities, impeding scheduled treatment and cure. In the development of ATD-induced adverse reactions, glutathione S-transferase has been suggested to play a protective role as an intracellular scavenger by conjugating toxic reactive metabolites of ATD. This study examined the association of null mutations in GST enzyme genes (GSTT1 and GSTM1) with the development of ATD-induced hepatitis and cutaneous reactions. We compared the frequencies of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null mutations in 57 patients with hepatitis, 94 patients with cutaneous adverse reactions, and 190 ATD-tolerant controls. The frequency of null mutations in GSTT1 and GSTM1 in patients with ATD-induced hepatitis was not significantly different from that of controls (59.6% vs. 54.2% and 45.6% vs. 54.7%, respectively). Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the frequency of either null mutation in patients with ATD-induced cutaneous reactions, including maculopapular eruption, compared with controls (58.5% vs. 54.1% for GSTT1 and 59.6% vs. 54.6% for GSTM1). These findings indicate that GSTT1 and GSTM1 null mutations are not associated with the development of ATD-induced hepatitis or cutaneous reactions in this Korean population, and suggest that glutathione S-transferase enzymes do not play important roles in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
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PMID:GSTT1 and GSTM1 null mutations and adverse reactions induced by antituberculosis drugs in Koreans. 2003 20

Genetic polymorphic forms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were found to be associated with risk for various malignancies. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the risks-associated with GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an Egyptian population. Sixty patients diagnosed with HCC were subdivided into 3 groups: group I, 31 patients with HCC and HCV-related cirrhosis; group II, 19 patients with HCC and HBV- related cirrhosis and group III, 10 patients with HCC and cirrhosis of non-viral aetiology. Fifty cirrhotic patients without HCC were also included as a control group. Patients and controls were subjected to thorough history taking and clinical examination, liver function tests, hepatitis viral markers, anti-Bilharzial antibodies and serum alpha fetoprotein levels. Rectal snip for the diagnosis of active Bilharziasis, abdominal ultra-sonography and CT abdomen were performed for patients as well as liver biopsy when indicated. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were tested in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by PCR. GSTM1 gene deletion (null genotype) was observed in 56.7% of HCC patients and in 38% of the control group (P < 0.05). The GSTT1 null genotype was detected in 41.7% of the HCC patients compared to 22% of control patients (P < 0.05). The double genes null of GSTM1 and GSTT1 was detected in 10% of all HCC patients and in 2% of the control cases (P < 0.05). Comparison between the subgroups of HCC revealed that the GSTM1 null genotype was detected in 67.7% of group I, 47.4% of group II and 40% of group III cases, with a significant increase in group I compared to other HCC subgroups (P < 0.001). In addition, the GSTT1 null gene was observed in 35.5% of group I, 57.9% of group II, and 30% of group III, with a significant increase in group II (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our findings suggest that GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms appear to be associated with a modest increase in the risk of HCC in Egyptian patients. Studies with a larger sample size are still required to confirm the results and to explore the association with risk factors other than HCV and HBV in this population.
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PMID:Gene deletion of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptian patients. 2030 95

Troglitazone induced an idiosyncratic, hepatocellular injury-type hepatotoxicity in humans. Statistically, double null genotype of glutathione S-transferase isoforms, GSTT1 and GSTM1, was a risk factor, indicating a low activity of the susceptible patients in scavenging chemically reactive metabolites. CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 were involved in the metabolic activation and CYP3A4 was inducible by repeated administrations of troglitazone. The genotype analysis, however, indicated that the metabolic idiosyncrasy resides in the degradation of but not in the production of the toxic metabolites of troglitazone. Antibody against hepatic aldolase B was detected in the case patients, suggesting involvement of immune reaction in the toxic mechanism. Troglitazone induced apoptotic cell death in human hepatocytes at a high concentration, and this property may have served as the immunological danger signal, which is thought to play an important role in activating immune reactions. Hypothesis is proposed in analogy to the virus-induced hepatitis. After the troglitazone-case, pharmaceutical companies implemented screening systems for chemically reactive metabolites at early stage of drug development, taking both the amount of covalent binding to the proteins in vitro and the assumed clinical dose level into consideration. At the post-marketing stage, gene analyses of the case patients, if any, to find pharmacogenetic biomarkers could be a powerful tool for contraindicating to the risky patients.
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PMID:Drug-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity: prevention strategy developed after the troglitazone case. 2117

Isoniazid (INH), one of the most important drugs used in antituberculosis (anti-TB) treatment, is also the major drug involved in hepatotoxicity. Differences in INH-induced toxicity have been attributed to genetic variability at several loci, such as NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1, that code for drug-metabolising enzymes. Our goal was to examine the polymorphisms in these enzymes as susceptibility factors to anti-TB drug-induced hepatitis in Brazilian individuals. In a case-control design, 167 unrelated active tuberculosis patients from the University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were enrolled in this study. Patients with a history of anti-TB drug-induced acute hepatitis (cases with an increase to 3 times the upper limit of normal serum transaminases and symptoms of hepatitis) and patients with no evidence of anti-TB hepatic side effects (controls) were genotyped for NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms. Slow acetylators had a higher incidence of hepatitis than intermediate/rapid acetylators [22% (18/82) vs. 9.8% (6/61), odds ratio (OR), 2.86, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-7.68, p = 0.04). Logistic regression showed that slow acetylation status was the only independent risk factor (OR 3.59, 95% CI, 2.53-4.64, p = 0.02) for the occurrence of anti-TB drug-induced hepatitis during anti-TB treatment with INH-containing schemes in Brazilian individuals.
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PMID:Genetic polymorphisms of NAT2, CYP2E1 and GST enzymes and the occurrence of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis in Brazilian TB patients. 2201 26

Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatitis (ATD- induced hepatitis) has been linked to polymorphisms in genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and glutathione S-transferase (loci GSTM1 and GSTT1) are involved in the metabolism of isoniazid, the most toxic drug for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). This study was designed to determine the frequency and to evaluate whether polymorphisms at CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are associated with drug response, as well as to identify clinical risk factors for ATD-induced hepatitis. A total of 245 Brazilian patients undergoing treatment for TB were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing methods. The frequencies of the CYP2E1 polymorphic alleles RsaI, PstI and DraI are 8%, 8.5% and 12%, respectively. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are deleted in 42.9% and 12.4% of the population, respectively. Fifteen patients (6.1%) developed hepatotoxicity. Clinical (HIV, female sex and extrapulmonary TB) and genetic characteristics (CYP2E1 without any mutations, having NAT2 slow acetylator profile) are at higher risk of developing ATD-induced hepatitis in this population. Genotyping for GSTM1 and GSTT1 showed no influence on drug response.
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PMID:Polymorphisms in CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. 3051 13


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