Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The xenotropic (X-tropic) mouse type C virus (MuLV) and its pseudotype of murine sarcoma virus (MSV) were inoculated into several fertilized developing Pekin duck eggs. The development of the duck embryos was substantially reduced in those receiving the X-tropic viruses compared to eggs inoculated only with tissue culture medium. Infections virus was isolated from some of the adult animals; in others, evidence for integrated virus sequences in the tissues was noted. No specific pathology was found in the ducks that received X-trophic MuLV alone, but one duck developed multiple fibrosarcomas when inoculated at birth with the X-tropic virus pseudotype of MSV. Two ducks receiving X-tropic MuLv had signs of haematopoietic disorders. In addition, more virus-inoculated animals had evidence of hepatitis and encephalitis than control ducks. Antibody production to X-tropic MuLv was present in several ducks inoculated with virus either in embryo or at birth. Absence of antiviral antibodies was noted in those animals whose tissue contained replicating virus. These studies confirm the observations with X-tropic virus in tissue culture. They demonstrate in vivo that avian species are susceptible to infection by the mouse X-tropic virus and that their fibroblasts can be transformed by the X-tropic MuLV pseudotype of MSV.
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PMID:Murine xenotropic type C viruses. IV. Replication and pathogenesis of ducks. 628 52

This prospective study characterizes the incidence, etiology, timing, risk factors, and outcome of the infectious complications after 88 consecutive liver transplantations in 79 patients receiving tacrolimus (FK506) as primary immunosuppression with a median follow-up of 880 days. Infections occurred in 59% (47/79) of the patients, and 39% had major infections. Of the major infections, 55% were bacterial, 22% were viral, and 22% were fungal. Bacteremia accounted for 30% of major bacterial infections. Sixty percent of bacteremias occurring within the first 3 months were catheter related, while 75% of those occurring more than 3 months after transplant were of a biliary source. Patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis and patients requiring dialysis after transplant had a significantly higher rate of infections as compared with other patients. Overall mortality was 18%, and 29% of all deaths were associated with infection. Only invasive aspergillosis was associated with infectious mortality. Our data suggest that the potent immunosuppressive agent FK506 is not associated with a higher incidence of infectious complications as compared with previous studies using CsA.
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PMID:Infectious complications in liver transplant recipients on tacrolimus. Prospective analysis of 88 consecutive liver transplants. 752 4

Infections by the hepatitis B or C virus are extremely common causes of acute and chronic liver disease, and coexistence of the two viruses in the same patient is not rare. Evidence has been found that such interaction may play an important role in fulminant hepatitis and in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. Liver disease activity and prognosis have been reported to be generally more serious in the presence of double infection, although an inverse relationship in the replicative levels of the two agents has been noted, suggesting viral interference, particularly in cases of chronic hepatitis. Thus, the two viruses seem to inhibit each other at the molecular level, while cytopathic effects appear to be enhanced. Further studies are needed to explain the mechanisms of these apparently contrasting effects.
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PMID:The interaction between hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in acute and chronic liver disease. 760 74

Implementation of the Safe Motherhood initiative in India calls for the institution of good prenatal care for all women. The first aspect of prenatal care is collecting the patient's history and reviewing the health history of her family. The physical examination should include inspection for reproductive tract diseases, a bimanual examination early in pregnancy to correlate the size of the uterus and the reported last menstrual period, and routine abdominal palpation. Ultrasonography should be performed at least once. Laboratory tests should include analysis of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, urine analysis, blood grouping and Rh typing, serological tests for syphilis, antibody screening and screening for rubella and hepatitis antigen, and cervical cytology. Additional screening and genetic testing may be necessary in certain cases. Women with no complications should be seen once a month for 28-30 weeks, once every two weeks until 36 weeks, and once a week thereafter. High-risk patients should be seen more frequently. Infections detected during pregnancy must be properly treated with antibiotics, although, in general, women should avoid medications during pregnancy. In India, hematinics and vitamins should be given to all pregnant women. Drugs and substances to be avoided during pregnancy include tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, cotrimoxazole, diuretics, alcohol, trimethadone, warfarin, lithium, quinine, sex hormones, anesthetics, tobacco, vitamin D, and all live vaccines except BCG. Common sense should dictate the safe level of activity for a pregnant woman.
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PMID:Role of antenatal care in safe motherhood. 765 37

Infections by alpha-herpesviruses of dogs (canid herpesvirus, CHV) and cats (felid herpesvirus, FHV) are widespread in these species and are of significant clinical relevance. Immunologically closely related herpesviruses have been isolated from harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) showing respiratory disease, hepatitis and/or encephalitis. These isolates are currently referred to as phocid herpesviruses (PhHV). The host spectrum of CHV and FHV, respectively, appears to be restricted to members of the Canidae and Felidae families. Seal herpesviruses, in contrast, cross species barriers, at least in vitro where they productively replicate also in cells of felid origin. Whether cats are susceptible to natural PhHV-infections remains to be elucidated. A reliable etiological diagnosis of acute herpesvirus-associated infections should be desirable especially in breeding kennels and zoos where hosts susceptible for FHV, CHV oder PhHV are reared. For a rapid and unambiguous identification and differentiation of herpesvirus isolates derived from felids, canids and pinnipedia a simple enzyme immunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies is presented.
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PMID:[Simplified identification and differentiation of feline, canine and phocine herpesvirus isolates using monoclonal antibodies]. 785 45

Hepatitis A was clearly recognized as an entity separate from other types of hepatitis during World War II, but only later did studies provide convincing evidence of the prevalence and transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Disease incidence varies over time and geography, with wide differences from country to country and even within cities. Noted recently is a shift in prevalence in cases from childhood to adulthood. Incidence figures are unreliable. Epidemiology of the disease is best defined by measurement of anti-HAV antibodies. HAV is a very stable virus, frequently found in urban sewage. Infections occur early in life when sanitation is poor and living conditions crowded, but improvements in sanitation and hygiene have delayed infection, resulting in increasing numbers of adults susceptible to HAV. Transmission of HAV by blood is rare. High-risk persons include injection drug users, institutionalized persons and their caretakers, and those who travel from low-prevalence to high-prevalence countries.
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PMID:History and epidemiology of hepatitis A virus. 787 43

From July 1, 1991 to March 31, 1992, 156 patients (pts) with positive antibody titers to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were seen in our clinic. A retrospective review of the epidemiology and infectious complications of these patients is presented. There were 129 males and 27 females (4.8:1, ratio). Only 10/156 (12.8%) were non-whites (13 blacks and 7 hispanics). The majority, 126 (80.7%), were 25 to 44 years old. The most common risk factor was homosexuality or bisexuality 100 (64.1%), followed by heterosexual acquisition 25 (16%), intravenous drug abuse 23 (13.7%), unknown 6 (3.8%) and transfusion-related 3 (1.9%). Sixty-five pts had no infections. In the remaining 91 pts, the infections noted were: candidiasis (54 pts); Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (25 pts); Herpes simplex (13 pts); cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (11 pts) and CMV esophagitis (1 pt), central nervous system toxoplasmosis (8); Herpes zoster (6 pts); cryptococcal meningitis (5 pts); Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia (4 pts); Molluscum contagiosum, hepatitis-B, staphylococcal infection, perirectal abscess and oral hairy leukoplakia (2 pts each); syphilis, cryptosporidiosis, nocardiosis, histoplasmosis and laryngeal papillomatosis (1 pt each). Infections were multiple in 57/91 (62%) pts and tend to occur more often when the helper cells are < 200 47/57 (82%) pts. Appropriate antimicrobials for prophylaxis and maintenance therapy appeared to decrease the occurrence or relapse of infections such as pneumocystosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis.
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PMID:Epidemiology and infectious complications of human immunodeficiency virus antibody positive patients. 790 72

Infections with hepatitis virus A, B, C, D or E can also be observed during pregnancy. Furthermore, pregnant carriers of hepatitis B virus, occurring at various frequencies in different populations, represent an important source of infection. The course and the outcome of hepatitis A, B, C and D do not seem to be significantly affected by pregnancy. A fulminant hepatitis E, however, which is observed only rarely in Europe, can be induced by pregnancy and labor. Fetal malformations have not been attributed to any hepatitis virus. A perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus often occurs, whereby the circulating HBe antigen or the amount of viral DNA in blood can be used as prognostic markers. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus has also been documented; its frequency, however, seems to be less than 10%. A general screening of pregnant women for HBs antigen is suitable in interrupting transmission of hepatitis B virus. Children born from hepatitis B virus carriers should receive a postpartal passive-active immunization.
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PMID:[Hepatitis viruses and pregnancy]. 839 89

Three murine helicobacter species have recently been identified: Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter muridarum, and Helicobacter bilis. Infections with H. hepaticus and H. bilis have been associated with hepatitis and hepatic neoplasia. In this study, oligonucleotide primers were designed from regions of the 16S rRNA gene that are conserved among members of the Helicobacter genus. The assay amplified the expected 374-bp product from all three rodent Helicobacter species and was able to detect as little as 5 pg of H. hepaticus, H. bilis, or H. muridarum DNA. The specificity of the reaction was determined by testing cecal DNA from uninfected mice and mice with documented Helicobacter infections and by testing DNA from other bacterial genera. A product of the expected size was generated with cecal DNA from Helicobacter-infected mice but not with DNA from uninfected mice. With the exception of that of "Flexispira rappini, " which is closely related to the Helicobacter genus, DNA from other bacterial genera was not amplified with the Helicobacter genus-specific primers. MboI, MaeI, and HhaI restriction enzyme analyses of the amplified product were able to differentiate among the murine Helicobacter species but could not differentiate H. bilis from "F. rappini." To distinguish H. bilis, a reverse primer based on H. bilis 16S rRNA sequence was designed. PCR with the H. bilis-specific reverse primer (Hbr) and the Helicobacter genus-specific forward primer (H276f) amplified H. bilis DNA but not DNA from "F. rappini" or other rodent helicobacters. Examination of a large number of murine cecal tissues with this combination of PCR assays and restriction enzyme analyses indicated that H. hepaticus and H. bilis infections are widespread in laboratory mouse and rat colonies.
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PMID:Identification of murine helicobacters by PCR and restriction enzyme analyses. 881 13

In a retrospective analysis, 18 instances of invasive fungal infections were observed in 512 (3.5%) renal transplant recipients. These included candidiasis (8), aspergillosis (5), cryptococcosis (3) and zygomycosis (2). All patients with candidiasis had Candida isolated from blood and one or more additional sites. One of them had superadded fungaemia with Torulopsis glabrata. Pulmonary disease in four and subcutaneous infection in one were encountered in the five patients with aspergillosis. Central nervous system involvement in two and cutaneous lesion in one were the findings in patients with cryptococcosis. Zygomycosis involved the lung in one and the allograft itself in the other. Prolonged fever not responding to antibacterial drugs was the most common clinical presentation. Fungal infections occurred during the first 4 months in 10 (55.5%) and 12 to 108 months in eight (44.5%) patients. Infections with cytomegalovirus and hepatitis viruses were concommitantly present in 12 (66.7%) and eight (44.5%) patients respectively. Fourteen episodes of fungal infections (77.8%) occurred in live unrelated kidney recipients who formed only 48% of our total transplant population. Nine patients were treated with systemic and/or local amphotericin B and six with amBisome. Fluconazole was administered alone in three and in combination with amphotericin B in two. Fourteen patients died but mortality was only directly attributable to fungal infection in 11. We conclude that invasive fungal infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients. A high index of suspicion. prompt diagnosis and early institution of specific antifungal therapy are needed.
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PMID:Invasive fungal infections in renal transplant recipients. 888 96


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