Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prothrombin complex concentrates are used in the treatment of the congenital bleeding disorders associated with Factors II, VII, IX, and X deficiencies. They have also been extensively used to treat acquired coagulation abnormalities secondary to vitamin K deficiency, warfarin ingestion, and various types of liver disease. The reported complications of prothrombin complex concentrates administration include hepatitis, anaphylaxis, and thrombosis. This paper documents the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with the administration of prothrombin complex concentrates to patients with liver disease.
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PMID:Intravascular coagulation with use of human prothrombin complex concentrates. 93 80

The risks of morbidity and mortality associated with transfusion are so great that no transfusion should be given until it is decided that it is absolutely necessary and then only with the utmost care. The unfavorable effects of transfusion reviewed are: hemolytic reaction; bacterial contamination; febrile reaction due to leukoagglutinins; urticaria; anaphylaxis; problems associated with the transfusion of excess potassium, ammonia, and acid; transmission of hepatitis, cytomegalic inclusion disease, toxoplasmosis, and malaria; pulmonary insufficiency; air embolism; and circulatory overload.
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PMID:Adverse effects of transfusions. 126 10

Hepatitis remains the most serious transfusion risk, in terms of incidence and severity. Transfusion-associated AIDS, hemolytic reactions, TRALI, and anaphylaxis are severe problems that occur relatively rarely, while febrile reactions and mild allergic reactions are common but not serious. The key to avoiding all these complications is autotransfusion (see the article "Autologous Transfusion" in this issue). Although intraoperative scavenging became available in many centers in the United States in the 1980s, it is hoped that pre-deposit autotransfusion will also become widely utilized in the next decade.
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PMID:Transfusion risks. 222 72

To eliminate the risk of hepatitis infections, human plasma protein preparations can be heated in solution to 60 degrees C for 10 h thus inactivating several viruses. Preclinical safety experiments were performed in order to exclude the possibility of the formation of antigenic components, not present in normal human plasma, through this pasteurization step. Rabbits were immunized with either the heated or the unheated product. Sera were investigated in the Ouchterlony test against the homologous antigen to demonstrate precipitating antibodies. Antisera of rabbits immunized with the heated product were adsorbed with the preparation without the heating step. After centrifugation, the incubates were retested in the Ouchterlony assay. In passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assays guinea-pigs received the adsorbed antisera i.v., and both preparations were injected intracutaneously. The diameters of skin reactions were measured and did not show differences between those treated with the heated and non-heated product. No neoantigens could be detected with the following heated plasma protein fractions: prothrombin, coagulation factors VIII, IX, X, XIII, antithrombin III, fibrinogen, and Cl-inactivator. These results did not apply to heat-denaturated rabbit serum in a validation experiment.
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PMID:Assay of possible formation of antigenic components in heat-treated plasma protein preparations. 346 28

Our series of 195 patients, plus 134 reported on in the literature and 949 reviewed by various physicians provide 1,278 patients for review of bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy complications. Cystitis occurred in 91 per cent of the patients. Complications identified included fever more than 103F in 50 patients (3.9 per cent), granulomatous prostatitis in 17 (1.3 per cent), bacillus Calmette-Guerin pneumonitis or hepatitis in 12 (0.9 per cent), arthritis or arthralgia in 6 (0.5 per cent), hematuria requiring catheterization or transfusion in 6 (0.5 per cent), skin rash in 5 (0.4 per cent), skin abscess in 5 (0.4 per cent), ureteral obstruction in 4 (0.3 per cent), epididymo-orchitis in 2 (0.2 per cent), bladder contracture in 2 (0.2 per cent), hypotension in 1 (0.1 per cent) and cytopenia in 1 (0.1 per cent). Most of the severe irritative side effects and subsequent systemic complications can be prevented with prophylactic isoniazid given for 3 days, beginning the morning of treatment. Patients with life-threatening systemic bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection or anaphylaxis should receive 500 mg. cycloserine twice daily for 3 days in addition to combination antituberculous therapy because the rapid action of this drug may be life-saving. Direct intralesional bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy can produce sepsis and death, and should be avoided but intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin generally is well tolerated and has produced no complication in more than 95 per cent of the patients treated.
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PMID:Complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy in 1,278 patients with bladder cancer. 351 Dec 86

The most common adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are gastritis, peptic ulceration, and depression of renal function, all of which result primarily from prostaglandin inhibition. The types of side effects observed with diclofenac are similar to those of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and are unavoidable given that the drugs are prostaglandin inhibitors. However, the incidences of such side effects may be lower with diclofenac than with some of the other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Worldwide experience with diclofenac exceeds 7.6 million patient-years, which should provide estimates of the frequency of very rare adverse reactions. The latter include blood dyscrasias, erythema multiforme, hepatitis, and others, such as aseptic meningitis, anaphylaxis, and urticaria. Moreover, some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to have unique side-effect profiles. Examples include a higher incidence of ulceration and erythema multiforme with piroxicam, and acute pancreatitis, in rare instances, with sulindac. From a careful survey of the world's accumulated literature and reports to CIBA-GEIGY, diclofenac does not appear to have any unusual adverse reactions.
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PMID:Adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Diclofenac compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 370 53

An inbred "atopic dog colony" was established to study the effect of viruses on immunoregulation of immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies. Dogs were selected for high skin reactivity to grass and weed pollens. Their offspring were inoculated with pollen extracts in alum immediately after routine vaccinations (attenuated live-virus vaccines for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis, and a killed bacterin for Leptospira). Heat labile antipollen IgE antibodies were measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Pups vaccinated for canine distemper before being given pollen extracts had many more IgE antibodies than did their control littermates who were not vaccinated until after the last pollen extract injection. This may be a natural example of the "allergic break-through phenomenon."
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PMID:Immunoglobulin E antibodies to pollens augmented in dogs by virus vaccines. 630 17

Neocarzinostatin (NCZ), a new antitumor antibiotic, was administered to 19 patients with bladder cancer, 16 patients with prostatic cancer, and 3 patients with hepatoma. All patients had objectively measurable metastatic lesions including 21 with palpable nodes or subcutaneous nodules, 10 with pulmonary nodules as demonstrated by chest x-ray, 4 with malignant hepatomegaly, and 3 with bidimensional pelvic masses as demonstrated by CT scanning. Sixty-five courses of NCZ were administered via an intravenous bolus daily for five days with dosages ranging from 1500 to 3000 U/m2. Immediate toxicity was not dose-limiting except for 1 episode of anaphylaxis and 1 of acute renal failure. Myelotoxicity was delayed, dose-dependent, noncumulative, and dose-limiting. Thrombocytopenia was prolonged or irreversible in 5 cases. The maximally tolerated dose was 2750 U/m2. One patient with NCZ-associated pulmonary fibrosis and 1 with biopsy-proven hepatitis are discussed in detail. Neocarzinostatin demonstrated minimal therapeutic activity (1 partial remission) in patients with bladder cancer. There was no response in patients with prostatic cancer or hepatoma.
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PMID:Phase II trial of neocarzinostatin in patients with bladder and prostatic cancer: toxicity of a five-day iv bolus schedule. 644 76

The general features of allergic drug reactions in man have recently been reviewed by Parker (85). By definition allergic drug reactions are produced by specific immunologic processes. Allergic drug reactions must be distinguished from adverse reactions due to overdosage, normal pharmacologic action, toxic metabolite formation, idiosyncrasy, nonspecific release of pharmacologic effector molecules, or drug interactions. The clinical manifestations of drug allergy are quite protean. In addition to classical manifestations of allergy such as serum sickness, anaphylaxis, contact dermatitis or urticaria, drug allergy may produce hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonitis, vasculitis, or neuritis where a single organ or cell type is affected. While many drugs produce reactions with suggestive of allergy, definitive experimental evidence either for or against mechanism is usually not available. Some of these reactions may involve allergic mediators released or produced nonimmunologically through pharmacologic, osmotic, or toxic effects on cells involved in immune inflammation (mast cells, basophils, phagocytes, and lymphocytes) or through nonspecific activation of effector molecules in extracellular fluid such as the complement proteins. Drugs may also induce the formation of autoantibodies through mechanisms that are largely obscure, but may in some instances involve the direct participation of the drug as a hapten and in other instances occur indirectly through a pharmacologic or toxic action on the cells responsible for immune homeostasis.
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PMID:Allergic reactions in man. 704 Nov 44

When considering potentials emergencies in the dental office, one usually first thinks about potential drug reactions or adverse response to underlying systemic diseases. The rare, but potential, emergencies arising from the office environment itself also exist. Toxic reactions to various chemicals found in the office must be considered also. Adequate ventilation helps prevent the long-term consequences of breathing nitrous oxide and chemclave exhaust. Care must be taken in obtaining complete medical histories. Identify patients with communicable diseases such as TB. The potential for transmission of these infections to office staff and other patients exists. Health histories must include the ability to identify patients with latex sensitivity. The increased use of latex products among health care workers has resulted in a higher incidence of latex sensitivity. The office staff must be prepared to recognize and quickly treat anaphylactic reactions. A latex-free environment must be provided for high-risk patients. Even with the use of universal precautions, blood contamination exposures and needle sticks will still occur. Protect office staff against hepatitis through the administration of a hepatitis prevention vaccine. Establish a protocol in advance for handling blood exposure incidents. Update the patient history to determine potential risk. The exposed individual must receive counseling as to the potential risk of HIV infection. If there is a potential risk of HIV contamination, the exposed individual must be offered the opportunity to initiate prophylactic chemotherapy within 1 hour of exposure. Even though occupational health and safety emergencies are rare, they must be considered and planned for. Contingency plans, such as providing a latex-free environment, must be available for preventing emergencies. The office staff must be prepared to treat immediate emergencies such as anaphylaxis and caustic material spills. Arrangements must be available to quickly handle exposure to communicable infections.
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PMID:Occupational health and safety emergencies. 755 95


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