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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The postmarketing safety profile of varicella vaccine was evaluated by analyzing selected adverse experience reports temporally associated with the administration of the vaccine. There were 7963 reports voluntarily submitted to Merck for an overall reporting rate of 5.0 per 10000 doses of vaccine distributed. A varicella zoster virus (VZV) identification program detected the presence of the Oka vaccine strain in three individuals with an immune deficiency - two with pneumonia and one with hepatitis - and in three instances of secondary transmission from vaccinees with vesicular lesions to susceptible household contacts. The Oka vaccine strain was present in 23 patients and wild-type VZV was present in 15 patients with herpes zoster. Vesicular rashes that occurred within 2 weeks of vaccination were more likely to contain the presence of wild-type VZV, while vesicular rashes that occurred more than 2 weeks post-vaccination were more likely to contain the Oka vaccine strain. Eleven patients were hospitalized with complications of breakthrough varicella infection.
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PMID:The postmarketing safety profile of varicella vaccine. 1111 16

GB Virus C and Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV) are positive, single-stranded flaviviruses. GBV-C and HGV are independent isolates of the same virus. Transmission via the blood-borne route is the commonest mode, although vertical and sexual transmission is well documented. GBV-C/HGV is distributed globally; its prevalence in the general population is 10 fold higher in African countries than in non-African countries. High prevalences of GBV-C/HGV have been found in subjects with frequent parenteral exposure and in groups at high risk of exposure to blood and blood products. The clinical significance of human infection with GBV-C/HGV is currently unclear. The virus can establish both acute and chronic infection and appears to be sensitive to interferon. Only some 12-15% of chronic Non-A, B, C hepatitis cases are infected with GBV-C/HGV. A direct association with liver pathology is still lacking and it is not yet clear as to whether GBV-C/HGV is indeed a hepatotropic virus. Current evidence suggests that the spectrum of association of GBV-C/HGV infection with extrahepatic diseases ranges from haematalogical diseases, aplastic anaemia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive idiopathic thrombocytopenia and thalassemia, through to common variable immune deficiency and cryoglobunemia.
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PMID:GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV): still looking for a disease. 1116 78

A 43-year-old man with common variable immune deficiency underwent liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV had been acquired from a contaminated batch of immunoglobulin. He developed cirrhosis within 3 years of infection with the virus, then liver failure requiring liver transplantation. The immediate post-transplant course was uncomplicated. Five months after transplantation he developed liver failure, and the histological appearances were those of severe cholestatic hepatitis. Withdrawal of immunosuppression resulted in recovery from liver failure. Clearance of the HCV from serum was also observed and has been sustained during follow-up (despite the subsequent reintroduction of low-dose immunosuppression). The patient is alive and well more than 5 years after transplantation. His post-transplant course has been remarkable for the aggressive recurrence then clearance of the HCV.
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PMID:Successful outcome of liver transplantation in a patient with hepatitis C and common variable immune deficiency. 1212 17

Many inherited metabolic diseases affect the liver in neonates, children, or adults. The histopathologic changes are diverse and may be acute or chronic. They can be considered primary (when the injury is from the cytopathic effect of an accumulated metabolite) or secondary (e.g., an infection caused by an immune deficiency). All forms of liver disease are described: for example, intrahepatic cholestasis, neonatal hepatitis with giant-cell transformation, paucity of bile ducts, steatosis, steatohepatitis, necroinflammatory diseases (acute or chronic), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and neoplasms (benign or malignant). Familiarity with the morphologic changes is important in clinicopathologic correlation, diagnosis, and understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms.
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PMID:Inherited metabolic diseases of the liver. 1212 65

One third of all European and American HIV-patients are coinfected with hepatitis C. HIV accelerates hepatitis C virus liver disease especially when HIV-associated immune deficiency progresses. Indeed, liver cirrhosis rate is five times higher in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients than in HCV-monoinfected patients. With the introduction of pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy sustained virological response rates of up to 40 % could be obtained in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals. Moreover, cohort analyses could demonstrate that with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) an improved course of hepatitis C and a reduction in liver disease-associated mortality can be achieved. Under consideration of the increased rate of hepatotoxicity due to the presently available antiretroviral treatment regimens in HIV/HCV coinfected patients, however, the development of treatment strategies and guidelines for management of hepatitis coinfection in HIV remains of great clinical significance.
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PMID:Therapy of hepatitis C in HIV-coinfection. 1525 71

Disseminated extrapulmonary tuberculosis is uncommon, particularly among immunocompentent individuals. We report the case of a 38-year-old woman from the Ivory Coast who had osteomyelitis in the right humerus, a cold abscess in the pectoralis major muscle, T11 spondylitis, deep lymphadenopathies, peritoneal nodules, and hepatitis. She had no evidence of immune deficiency, and her only risk factor for tuberculosis was her origin from an endemic area. The outcome was favorable after treatment with antitubercular drugs. This case illustrates the recent changes in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in France, where the incidence among immigrants is rising. It also serves as a reminder that tuberculosis can run a chronic and extremely insidious course. At diagnosis, our patient had a 2-year history of chronic pain in her right shoulder and back, suggestive of a minor mechanical disorder.
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PMID:Disseminated extrapulmonary tuberculosis revealed by humeral osteomyelitis with chronic unremarkable pain. 1585 Oct

Co-infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is observed in up to 30% of HIV-infected individuals. In studies conducted in the 'pre-HAART era', the late consequences of HCV-related chronic liver disease were overshadowed by extra-hepatic causes of deaths, related to severe immune deficiency, and the impact of HCV infection on mortality of HIV-infected patients was low. While the development of HAART has resulted in a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality amongst HIV-infected patients, this clear benefit allowed the expression of liver-related complications associated with HCV chronic infection. The impact of HCV on HIV remains debated but HIV infection significantly modifies the natural history of HCV infection. HIV infection increases levels of HCV viraemia by 2- to 8-fold, resulting in a significant decrease in spontaneous recovery of acute hepatitis. HIV co-infection also worsens the histological course of HCV infection by increasing and accelerating the risk of cirrhosis or leading to rare but lethal fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Liver disease is now one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in co-infected patients, even if HAART and especially protease inhibitors, may decrease the severity of the liver disease and the liver-related mortality. Several non-exclusive pathogenic processes explain the increasing rate of liver complications associated with HCV-related liver disease.
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PMID:Natural history and predictors of severity of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. 1634 84

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is most commonly sub clinical. In the immunocompromised host, primary CMV infection, reactivation and re-infection are all associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The clinical presentation of CMV infection in immunocompromised host varies according to the degree of immunocompromisation and to host factors. Populations at greatest risk of CMV infection and disease include individuals with HIV infection, transplant recipients, cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and burn patients. In the immunocompetent adult, primary CMV infection is usually asymptomatic but can result in a mononucleosis syndrome. The clinical course of the infection is usually mild, although a small percentage of patients suffer from protracted and severe fever. CMV infection in immunocompetent hosts may rarely be able to lead to severe organ specific complications. Most cases of CMV induced hepatitis occur in adults with severe immune deficiency. Only a few cases involving immunocompetent patients have been reported. But majority of the cases are anicteric or mildly icteric. Severe hepatitis is an uncommon presentation. We describe the first case reported in Bangladesh, of Cytomegalovirus induced severe hepatitis in an immunocompetent patient. The case was improved without the use of antiviral therapy.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus induced hepatitis in an immunocompetent host. 1894 41

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has dramatically improved the prognosis of HIV-infected persons to a level close to a normal life expectancy in a significant proportion of treated individuals. On starting cART HIV-induced immune deficiency can be prevented or, if already present, reconstituted. Remaining morbidity and mortality is partly due to late presentation of patients, when CD4-T-cells have already fallen below 200 cells/microL often accompanied by symptomatic disease. However, at present morbidity and mortality are mainly related to comorbidities such as hepatitis and tumours at least partly associated with HIV infection. It should be noted that, as HIV-infected patients become older, long-term toxicity of antiretroviral drugs may play an important role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The changing pattern of HIV-associated diseases may indicate the need for specific preventive measures in this population.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals - a shift towards comorbidities. 1983 74

Functional human hepatocytes xeno-engrafted in mouse liver can be used as a model system to study hepatitis virus infection and vaccine efficacy. Significant liver xeno-repopulation has been reported in two kinds of genetically modified mice that have both immune deficiency and liver injury-induced donor hepatocyte selection: the uPA/SCID mice and Fah(-/-) Rag2(-/-)Il2rg(-/-) mice. The lack of hardy breeding and the overly elaborated technique in these two models may hinder the potential future application of these models to hepatitis virus infection and vaccination studies. Improving the transplantation protocol for liver xeno-repopulation from human hepatocytes will increase the model efficiency and application. In this study, we successfully apply immunosuppressive drug treatments of anti-asialo GM1 and FK506 in Fah(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice, resulting in significant liver xeno-repopulation from human hepatocytes and human fetal liver cells. This methodology decreases the risk of animal mortality during breeding and surgery. When infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) sera, Fah(-/-)Rag2(-/-) mice with liver xeno-repopulation from human hepatocytes accumulate significant levels of HBV DNA and HBV proteins. Our new protocol for humanized liver could be applied in the study of human hepatitis virus infection in vivo, as well as the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of potential vaccines.
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PMID:Liver xeno-repopulation with human hepatocytes in Fah-/-Rag2-/- mice after pharmacological immunosuppression. 2065 Dec 38


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