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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Viral hepatitis is the most common serious contagious disease caused by viruses that attack the liver. Approximately 70,000 cases are reported to the Centers for Disease Control each year, representing only a fraction of U.S. cases. There are five types of viral hepatitis currently known: Hepatitis A--formerly called infectious hepatitis; Hepatitis B--formerly called serum hepatitis, and the most serious form; Hepatitis C--formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis; Hepatitis D--formerly called delta hepatitis; Hepatitis E--formerly called enteric or epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis. The following Open Forum, prepared by leading EMS experts, explores the differences among the types of hepatitis, signs and symptoms, and EMS implications.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis. 1010 86

Infectious hepatitis, a viral disease, has become increasingly more important in recent years. It is believed that the great increase in reported cases is not due entirely to better reporting, but that there has been an actual increase in the incidence of this disease. The comparatively long incubation period in infectious hepatitis, the high incidence in persons in close contact with patients who have the disease, and the fact that in most instances contact between persons is the mode of spread, makes this disease particularly suitable for the use of an immunizing agent which would be administered after exposure. From the studies reviewed it is apparent that gamma globulin is of value in preventing hepatitis both when administered as mass prophylaxis in an epidemic, and when given to persons in close contact with a person who has the disease. Widespread use of gamma globulin prophylactically among persons who have been in close contact with the occasional patients with infectious hepatitis seen by practicing physicians might often obviate the need for mass immunization. It should be stated that there is little evidence for the effectiveness of gamma globulin in the therapy of infectious hepatitis. In a study in which very large amounts (average dose 45 cc.) of gamma globulin were given very early in the disease, no significant difference was observed between those injected and a control group.
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PMID:Prevention of infections hepatitis by gamma globulin. 1319 Apr 35

The ability of the liver to form glucuronides was measured in 10 patients with infectious hepatitis. One test was done at the onset and another about four weeks later after the clinical symptoms had disappeared. N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (N.A.P.A.) or acetanilide was administered in doses ranging from 10 to 20 mg. per kg. body weight, either orally or by intravenous injection. N.A.P.A. is conjugated by the liver at the hydroxyl group and excreted in the urine as sulphuric and glucuronic acid conjugates. Total conjugated p-aminophenol, free N.A.P.A., and N.A.P.A. glucuronide were estimated in the urine of our patients. In the blood the disappearance of N.A.P.A. (free form) and the formation of N.A.P.A. glucuronide were traced. During the acute phase of hepatitis the excretion of total conjugated p-aminophenol and of N.A.P.A. glucuronide in the urine is lower than after recovery from the disease. Likewise free N.A.P.A. disappears more slowly from the circulation and the peak concentration of N.A.P.A. glucuronide in the serum remains lower at the onset of hepatitis than after clinical cure. These results indicate that glucuronide formation during the acute stage of infectious hepatitis is depressed, as are other transformation mechanisms, i.e., of hippuric acid.
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PMID:Studies on the disturbance of glucuronide formation in infectious hepatitis. 1392 55

Two viral agents have been procured from patients with infectious hepatitisin two widely separated outbreaks of the disease by transfer of acute stage serum and stool filtrates to and passage in tissue cultures of rabbit liver cells in roller tubes and minced chick embryos in Simms-Sanders medium followed by passage in the amniotic cavity of the chick. Cultures of both agents, designated the Akiba and NL strains of virus, induced mild hepatitis without jaundice in the majority of volunteers tested after an incubation period of from 9 to 38 days. Although these agents have not been identified definitely as the virus of infectious hepatitis, the available evidence, as discussed, is compatible with the suggestion that such they are.
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PMID:Studies on the agent of infectious hepatitis; propagation of the agent in tissue culture and in the embryonated hen's egg. 1543 36

The successful cultivation of the virus of infectious hepatitis in chick embryo tissue culture and in the amniotic cavity of the embryonated hen's egg is supported by a comparison of the disease induced in volunteers by the cultivated virus with hepatitis without jaundice resulting from experimental infection with natural infectious hepatitis virus. Both types of viral preparations produced illnesses in comparable percentages of volunteers (83 and 75 per cent, respectively) after similar average periods of incubation (24.4 and 23.4 days, respectively) and of similar average duration (28.3 and 27.6 days, respectively). The disease could be divided in both groups of patients into a primary stage, followed after a short interval of relative well being by the secondary stage. The illnesses in both instances were characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, enlarged, tender livers and abnormal liver function tests, and frequently temperature elevations. They differed in that jaundice was observed in 31 per cent of the cases resulting from infection with natural virus but not in any patients infected with the cultivated virus.
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PMID:Studies on the agent of infectious hepatitis; the disease produced in human volunteers by the agent cultivated in tissue culture or embryonated hen's eggs. 1543 37

A 40-year-old female with chronic myelogeneous leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase was treated with imatinib mesylate (STI571) because of interferon resistance. She achieved complete cytogenetic response but not complete molecular response 3 months after STI571 administration. Six months later, she developed severe liver damage without evidence of actively infectious hepatitis A, B, C, G, E, TT virus, Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus. A significant serum level of STI571 (107 ng/ml) was detected, although she had not taken the drug for 6 days. Liver biopsy demonstrated massive hepatic necrosis, consistent with drug-induced hepatitis. She achieved complete molecular response, although she did not take STI571 for 47 days after the development of hepatitis. These results suggest that both hepatitis and molecular response were associated with the serum STI571 concentration.
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PMID:Severe hepatitis and complete molecular response caused by imatinib mesylate: possible association of its serum concentration with clinical outcomes. 1551 29

Patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are a group at risk of disease exacerbation or relapse of the underlying disease should they fall ill with infectious hepatitis A (HAV) or B (HBV). Therefore, it seems appropriate to protect this group of persons against HAV and HBV disease by vaccination. An open study evaluated the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a combined HAV and HBV vaccine in 10 patients with AIH (6 patients aged 1-15 years and four patients aged 16+ years). The vaccine was administered using a three-dose vaccination schedule (0, 1 and 6 months). The vaccine course was well tolerated, safe and did not aggravate the clinical course of the underlying disease. Patients responded with 100% seroconversion for antibody to the HAV vaccine component and geometric mean antibody concentration (GIVIC) comparable to healthy cohorts. Response to the HBV component antigen was comparable to previous reports of HBV vaccination in immune compromised individuals with lower GMC than observed in healthy populations. One month after the third vaccine dose (month 7), all six vaccinees in the 1-15 years age group developed protective levels of anti-HBs as compared to two of the four vaccinees in the 16+ years age group.
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PMID:Safety and immunogenicity of a combined vaccine against hepatitis A and B in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. 1585 75

Epidemic jaundice, although known by armies since ancient times, became a concern of the U.S. military only after outbreaks occurred during World War II. Early work by military investigators defined, for the first time, the existence of two different forms of hepatitis. Subsequently, investigators described the effective prevention of symptomatic hepatitis using immune serum globulin. Military researchers contributed to the isolation of and testing for the virus of infectious hepatitis, work that was then instrumental in the designing and fielding of a hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis B contributions included the elaboration of community-based epidemiology and description of the efficacy of immune serum globulin prophylaxis. Most recently, studies on hepatitis E defined the epidemiology, performed genomic sequencing, and developed a DNA vaccine currently being tested against the disease. Major research contributions to the understanding of and protection against viral hepatitis have been made by the military medical establishment over the past 60 years.
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PMID:History of U.S. military contributions to the study of viral hepatitis. 1591 86

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most important causes of acute infectious hepatitis worldwide. In Hungary, the reported number of HAV infections has been decreasing in the last four decades, nevertheless, still, each year 500-800 new cases and multiple outbreaks occur, particularly in the northeast region of Hungary. In Hungary, serology is used routinely to establish the diagnosis of HAV infection without genetic analysis of HAV strains for molecular epidemiology. In this study, serum samples collected from symptomatic patients were tested by enzyme-immunoassay (anti-HAV-IgM ELISA) to establish the cause of three acute hepatitis A outbreaks (outbreak 1--from low prevalence region in Southwest Hungary in 2003 and outbreaks 2 and 3 from the endemic region in Northeast Hungary in 2004). Outbreak strains were characterized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of a 360 bp viral VP1/2A region, amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Four, seven, and three sera from outbreaks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were investigated by RT-PCR for HAV genome and HAV RNA was detected in 4 (100%), 4 (57%), and 2 (67%) samples. All strains belonged to genotype I HAV. Outbreak 1 was caused by the new variant subtype IB and outbreaks 2 and 3 caused by genetically identical subtype IA strains. The Hungarian IA and IB hepatitis A viruses had the highest nucleotide identity, 98.4% and 99.0%, to IT-SCH-00 and IT-MAR-02 strains, respectively, detected in year 2000 and 2002 in Italy. Endemic subtype IA and probably imported new variant subtype IB HAV viruses was detected in outbreaks of hepatitis in Hungary that are closely related genetically to HAV strains in Italy.
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PMID:Co-circulation of genotype IA and new variant IB hepatitis A virus in outbreaks of acute hepatitis in Hungary--2003/2004. 1699 89

Helicobacter hepaticus causes hepatitis in susceptible strains of mice. Previous studies indicated that A/JCr mice are susceptible and C57BL/6NCr mice are resistant to H. hepaticus-induced hepatitis. We used F1 hybrid mice derived from A/J and C57BL/6 matings to investigate their phenotype and determine their hepatic gene expression profile in response to H. hepaticus infection. F1 hybrid mice, as well as parental A/J and C57BL/6 mice, were divided equally into control and H. hepaticus-infected groups and euthanized at 18 months postinoculation. Hepatic lesions were evaluated histologically and the differential hepatic gene expression in F1 mice was determined by microarray-based global gene expression profiling analysis. H. hepaticus-infected parental strains including A/J and C57BL/6 mice, as well as F1 mice, developed significant hepatitis. Overall, hepatocellular carcinomas or dysplastic liver lesions were observed in 69% of H. hepaticus-infected F1 male mice and H. hepaticus was isolated from hepatic tissues of all F1 mice with liver tumors. Liver tumors, characterized by hepatic steatosis, developed in livers with high hepatitis scores. To identify gene expression specific to H. hepaticus-induced hepatitis and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma in F1 mice, a method using comparative group transcriptome analysis was utilized. The canonical pathway most significantly enriched was immunological disease. Fatty acid synthase and steaoryl-coenzyme A desaturase, the two rate-limiting enzymes in lipogenesis, were upregulated in neoplastic relative to dysplastic livers. This study suggests a synergistic interaction between hepatic steatosis and infectious hepatitis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. The use of AB6F1 and B6AF1 mice, as well as genetically engineered mice, on a C57BL/6 background will allow studies investigating the role of chronic microbial hepatitis and steatohepatitis in the pathogenesis of liver cancer.
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PMID:Genetic susceptibility to chronic hepatitis is inherited codominantly in Helicobacter hepaticus-infected AB6F1 and B6AF1 hybrid male mice, and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma is linked to hepatic expression of lipogenic genes and immune function-associated networks. 1828 97


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