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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although infectious hepatitis (IH) is, at the present time, predominantly a disease of adolescence and young adulthood, when it does occur in advanced age, it is associated with a higher level of mortality due to fulminant hepatitis, and with a more frequently chronic, subicteric and anicteric course. The reasons for this are to be found in a greater viral persistence, with concomitant lowering of the immune defences, secondary diseases, prior diseases of the liver, drug and alcohol abuse. A particularly unfavourable effect on the prognosis is ascribed to the use of corticosteroids in the acute phase of the disease.
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PMID:[Special pathogenetic forms of hepatitis in old age]. 680 79

To establish the mechanism of progression to chronicity of the HBsAg-associated delta infection, serum hepatitis B virus and delta markers were tested in five babies born to HBsAg-positive mothers with anti-delta, in 42 follow-up patients with acute hepatitis B virus and delta hepatitis, and in collections of sera from 8 HBsAg carriers with anti-delta. Evidence of delta infection was found in the baby born to a mother with serum HBeAg and in none of the four babies born to mothers with anti-HBe. Hepatitis was self-limited in the 42 patients acutely infected by hepatitis B virus and delta agent; none developed persistent HBs-antigenemia and the majority displayed transient anti-delta of IgM class. In seven HBsAg carriers high titers of anti-delta developed during the follow-up; coincident with the rise of the antibody, aminotransferase elevation occurred in five previously asymptomatic carriers and persisted in three of them. No sign of infectious hepatitis B virus replication was detected in five of the carriers throughout the follow-up, and all of them had anti-HBe before the rise of anti-delta and of aminotransferase. HBsAg carriers with diminished hepatitis B virus synthesis appear to be at high risk of developing chronic delta infection and disease when exposed to the delta-infectious serum of other carriers.
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PMID:Infection with the delta agent in chronic HBsAg carriers. 728 94

The effect of cold sterilization by beta-propiolactone (beta-PL) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of serum contaminated with infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV) was investigated in chimpanzee. Chimpanzees given 0.1 ml/kg of the undiluted HBV serum estimated to contain 10(7)-10(8) CID50/ml developed acute hepatitis B infection 4 weeks after inoculation. Chimpanzees injected with the same undiluted hepatitis serum treated with beta-PL/UV developed hepatitis B infection 14 weeks later. Based on the published linear relationship between log dose of HBV and incubation period in chimpanzees this indicates a 10(6)-fold reduction in infectivity titer. Animals inoculated with the serum diluted 1:1,000 showed manifest hepatitis B infection 11 weeks later. Animals inoculated with serum diluted 1:1,000 and then cold sterilized with beta-PL/UV showed no signs of hepatitis B infection. Sensitive proteins are not denatured by beta-PL/UV cold sterilization.
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PMID:Effect of combined treatment of serum containing hepatitis B virus with beta-propiolactone and ultraviolet irradiation. 733 Dec 86

Hepatic lesions in white rats were produced by administering the hepatotropic alkaloid heliotrin. Four series of experiments in different combinations were conducted (poisoning of female and male rats alone and simultaneously with subsequent crossing). The animals with heliotrin-induced hepatitis showed a tendency to a later coming of conception, to a decreased number of fetuses, and their unequal distribution in uterine horns. The morphologic appearance of the ovaries exposed to heliotrin was examined. The evidence obtained indicates that in toxic hepatitis (apparently in infectious hepatitis as well) the generative function gets destroyed that can be seen from changes in coming, developing, preserving and completion of pregnancy.
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PMID:[Effect of toxic liver lesions on the generative function of rats]. 739 44

During normal pregnancy, serum transaminase levels remain within normal limits. An elevated level observed in a pregnant woman always signals a disease process, most often of hepatic origin, but in certain cases, of muscular origin. During the last three months of pregnancy and in the immediate post partum period a large number of liver diseases can cause elevated transaminase levels, depending upon the clinical presentation. In everyday practice, a complete liver battery together with specialized consultation is required for all pregnant women with raised transaminase levels. Toxaemia gravis may be evident in patients with severely raised blood pressure, especially if seizures occur. Epigastric or subcostal pain should suggest hepatic involvement. Hypertension may however be absent and epigastric or left shoulder pain may be the only clinical signs. Acute liver steatosis is 20 to 50 times more rare than toxaemia and may cause nausea and vomiting. Certain non-specific signs such as asthenia, anorexia, polyalgia, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and fever, together with pruritus should suggest acute hepatitis. A 25-fold increase in transaminase level is commonly encountered. The risk of fulminating hepatitis is less than 1/1000 but should always be entertained. All drugs should be stopped and careful research for recent xenobiotic contamination (drugs, infusions, alphamethyldopa, etc.) should be undertaken. Viral hepatitis requires serovaccination of the newborn at birth. Herpetic hepatitis is rare but requires rapid diagnosis (liver biopsy) and treatment with acyclovir in addition to cesarean section and treatment of the newborn at birth. Rare cases of hepatitis E may occur after a stay in North Africa, the Middle-East, Southeast Asia or Mexico. Chronic cases with or without temporary pruritus suggest infectious hepatitis B or C although, in chronic hepatitis C, serum transaminase levels often return to normal during pregnancy. Rare cases of asymptomatic elevations of serum transaminase levels can reveal subclinical chronic hepatitis.
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PMID:[Significance of elevated transaminase levels at the end of pregnancy]. 802 21

Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis is one of the more important causes of neonatal cholestasis. It is regarded one of the clinical presentations of 'idiopathic obstructive cholangiopathy', just like extrahepatic biliary atresia. Is it not possible to discriminate between intrahepatic and extrahepatic causes of neonatal cholestasis, or between idiopathic neonatal hepatitis and metabolic, infectious, or toxic causes, by using clinical or laboratory parameters. Liver histology is slightly more helpful: giant cell formation, focal liver necrosis, and lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltration may be found in idiopathic neonatal hepatitis. In infectious hepatitis liver pathology mostly is only a lesser part of the symptomatology. Sporadic idiopathic neonatal hepatitis has a better prognosis than familial; about 75% of children with sporadic hepatitis experience complete recovery as compared to less than 25% of children with familial hepatitis. Therapy is confined to the prevention and treatment of complications such as itching, portal hypertension and variceal bleeding, and (fat) malabsorption.
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PMID:[Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis]. 812 25

In Hamburg, the incidence of reported cases of infectious hepatitis more than doubled from 1990 to 1991. The increase refers to hepatitis A, B and other forms of hepatitis. The seven public health offices and the local ministry for health, works and social affairs in Hamburg have analysed the development in a computer-based retrospective study comparing the 1990 and 1991 data. The predominantly affected age group of hepatitis A shifted from childhood to young adulthood. The importance of travelling to acquire hepatitis A was less than expected. In all forms of hepatitis the large number of IV-drug users and prisoners was striking.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of infectious diseases--analysis of an increase of infectious hepatitis in Hamburg]. 817 2

Albumin solutions invariably transmitted infectious hepatitis viruses before the introduction of pasteurisation in the final container. Immunoglobulin solutions (the older intramuscular as well as the current intravenous ones), on the other hand, only rarely transmitted hepatitis. The apparent safety of the latter was usually attributed to the presence of neutralizing antibodies and to the fractionation process. It was shown that viruses tend to concentrate in those fractions of the cold ethanol precipitation procedure which are used neither for albumin nor for immunoglobulin preparations. Additionally, ethanol alone inactivates some viruses, albeit much less at low temperatures than at room temperature. According to EC-directives, all manufacturers of stable blood products must introduce production steps which inactivate viruses or they have to prove that certain production steps, which are already being used, do inactivate viruses. In either case, the inactivation has to be validated with appropriate experiments. Procedures that are now recognized as virucidal are, e.g., pasteurisation (i.e., heating of the liquid product at 60 degrees C for 10 hours), solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment, photodynamic treatment, or incubation at pH4 with pepsin.
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PMID:Partitioning and inactivation of viruses during isolation of albumin and immunoglobulins by cold ethanol fractionation. 817 2

Human hepatitis has been recognized since the dawn of recorded history, but proof of infectious etiology and delineation of hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) from hepatitis B (serum hepatitis) were not established until the first half of the present century. Development of the present killed hepatitis A vaccine depended on a series of breakthrough discoveries made during the last 25 years. These were marmoset propagation (1967); definition of virus attributes (1974-1975); development of diagnostic tests and seroepidemiology (1974-1975); and the preparation and proof of efficacy of a prototype killed hepatitis A vaccine (1976). Successful cultivation of hepatitis A virus in cell culture in 1979 quickly led to development of both live and killed hepatitis A vaccines for tests in human beings (1980-1990). The year 1991 marks the initiation of protective efficacy trials of two different killed virus vaccines in human beings. The safety and protective efficacy of the first vaccine (Merck) is reported in this symposium and the findings in tests of a second vaccine (SKB) are awaited. Hepatitis A is clearly a conquerable disease, initially in its elimination as an important disease entity and eventually in its eradication.
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PMID:Hepatitis and hepatitis A vaccine: a glimpse of history. 818 74

After her holiday in South Africa, a 50-year-old woman was admitted because of fever and pain in the upper abdomen. The laboratory tests showed moderately increased serum liver enzyme activities. The liver biopsy showed a granulomatous hepatitis. Further investigations revealed no evidence for sarcoidosis, tuberculosis or infectious hepatitis, nor for other granulomatous diseases or infectious diseases relevant to South Africa. Upon discontinuation of the malaria prophylaxis with Daraclor (pyrimethamine and chloroquine (sulphate)) the symptoms disappeared and the liver function tests returned to normal. It was concluded that Daraclor was the probable cause of granulomatous hepatitis in this patient. This adverse effect was not published before.
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PMID:[Granulomatous hepatitis attributed to the combination pyrimethamine-chloroquine]. 872 Jul 7


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