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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The paper is about infectious hepatitis in urban India. The discussion is on two case studies: one of Madras, and the other of Madurai: two major cities in the State of Tamilnadu, South India. The Madras study is on the temporal and spatial analysis of the distribution and diffusion of hepatitis during 1971-1978. The Madras study also relates age to incidence, the major conclusion being that children are more susceptible to hepatitis than elders. The diffusion of hepatitis is said to occur in a wave - like form, covering newer areas and intensifying in time in core areas. The Madurai study is about the epidemic of hepatitis during January-October of 1981. Relating incidence with share of slum population, and number of borewells in city localities, the study yields a positive relation between them with a correlation coefficient value of .7424 and .7812, respectively. General lack of environmental quality and use of contaminated water for domestic purposes appear to be causes of high incidence of infectious hepatitis.
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PMID:Infectious hepatitis in urban India. 375 75

A series of 87 controlled trials of the effectiveness of British gammaglobulin in preventing infectious hepatitis in schools and other institutions showed that gammaglobulin is very effective in these circumstances. No protection was given for the first two weeks after injection, probably because it was given during the incubation period of the hepatitis.The risks of developing hepatitis in contacts was found to vary greatly. In day schools there was usually little tendency for the disease to spread among the population, but the pupils in closest contact were at greater risk. In mental hospitals and children's homes, on the other hand, the tendency for the disease to spread was more pronounced.
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PMID:Assessment of British gammaglobulin in preventing infectious hepatitis. A report to the director of the Public Health Laboratory Service. 417 1

Gas chromatograms of sertim extracts of dogs inoculated with canine infectious hepatitis virus showed two metabolites not observed in uninoculated animals. Chromatograms of extracts of tissue cultures of dog kidney, inoculated with viruses causing canine hepatitis, herpes, and distemper, and a parainfluenza virus similar to simian virus-5, each showed two or more different metabolites. Two of the distinguishing products from cultures inoculated with hepatitis virus were chromatographically indistinguishable from those found in serums of the animals.
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PMID:Gas chromatography for detection of viral infections. 429 47

Detailed screening of the patients and staff in a unit specializing in liver disease was carried out over a year to ascertain whether transmission of the serum hepatitis virus was occurring and whether the situation was comparable in any way to that found in a Renal Haemodialysis Unit. Of the 154 patients with liver disease tested on admission, 6% were found to have Australia antigen in the serum and throughout the year there were rarely less than two patients in the ward at any one time with positive serum. No instances of clinical hepatitis were detected in the other patients following their stay in the ward or in their attendant medical, nursing and lay staff. Six staff members were found to have Australia antigen in their serum. In four of these, all nurses, it was present in the first sample tested and so the infection may have been acquired earlier. Temporary elevations in both plasma bilirubin and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were found in another five staff members whose serum was negative for Australia antigen and who clinically were well. In a further eight and apparently healthy staff members, an isolated but persistent elevation of the plasma bilirubin was noted. In both groups these changes could represent the spread of subclinical infectious hepatitis and it is recommended that in units dealing with ;liver patients' not only should considerable care be taken during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures but the medical and nursing staff should be screened at regular intervals.
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PMID:Screening for transmission of hepatitis within a liver unit. 450 39

The liver histology in infectious hepatitis or hepatitis A (HA) and serum hepatitis or hepatitis B (HB) is generally described as identical. However, the clinical separation of the two types has been a problem. Today a serological reaction based on the well documented association between hepatitis antigen and HB is of great assistance in the differential diagnosis. The present study of 165 hepatitis cases separated into hepatitis A and B by this test method indicates quantitative differences in the liver histology of the two types. Thus HB was associated with more prominent parenchymal cell damage and Kupffer cell reaction, while intrahepatic cholestasis was found in a significantly higher frequency in cases presumed to represent HA. The presence of intrahepatic cholestasis was associated with higher levels of serum bilirubin but otherwise no correlation was found between liver morphology and biochemical liver tests. The patients included a group of young intravenous amphetamine addicts with HB. No differences of importance were found histologically in addicts and other patients with hepatitis B.
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PMID:Liver morphology in acute viral hepatitis related to the hepatitis B antigen. 464 96

We have studied the localization of Australia antigen, a particulate substance associated with hepatitis, by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. Preparations were made from 61 liver biopsy specimens taken from patients with infectious hepatitis, serum hepatitis, and a variety of other diseases. When tested with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-Au(1) antisera all 26 patients who had Au(1) in their serum had specific fluorescence in their liver cells. The fluorescence appeared in three forms: as discrete particles within the nucleus, diffuse fluorescence of the entire nucleus, and fluorescence of the nuclear rim. Occasionally there were also fluorescent particles in the cytoplasm. Other specimens were tested with the fluorescent antibody including a variety of human tissues, buffy coat smears, peripheral lymphocyte cultures, and cells obtained from bile and duodenal drainage. Among these specimens, fluorescence was found in the cytoplasm of a few cells in the bone marrow of two patients with hepatitis and Au(1) in their serum, and in the liver, spleen, mesentery, and testis of one patient with leukemia, chronic hepatitis, and Au(1) in his serum. We have shown that the presence of fluorescent particles in the liver cells is strongly associated with the presence of Au(1) in the serum and the diagnosis of viral hepatitis. We believe that this study adds support to the hypothesis that Australia antigen is an antigenic determinant of a virus capable of causing hepatitis.
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PMID:The localization of Australia antigen by immunofluorescence. 491 97

Prototype adenovirus 3 and adenovirus SC8, which was found in feces from a patient with infectious hepatitis and which was classified as adenovirus 3 by standard procedures, were compared by chromatography and immunodiffusion techniques. When the radioactive adenovirus moiety in SC8 had been separated from other radioactive components of tissue culture by gel filtration, a smaller infectious agent was detected, whereas with prototype adenovirus 3 one infectious agent was found. The large agent from SC8 was classified as adenovirus type 3 by serum neutralization tests, but results from homologous and heterologous immunodiffusion tests and heat sensitivity tests indicated that this agent was different from the classical prototype adenovirus 3. Similar precipitin patterns obtained in homologous and heterologous reactions by immunodiffusion suggested a similarity between the smaller particle and an unidentified agent isolated without adenoviruses from blood clots from overt cases of hepatitis. With the present evidence, it was not possible to relate the smaller agent to adeno-associated viruses; however, its similarity to an agent isolated from blood of overt cases implies a possible relationship with hepatitis. The continued recovery of the variant strain of adenovirus type 3 from patients with hepatitis, although at relatively low rates of isolation, suggested a possible undetermined relation to the disease.
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PMID:Examination by chromatography and immunodiffusion of an adenovirus 3 isolated from humans with infectious hepatitis. 497 72

The results of a study by electron microscopy of the cytopathic effects produced by the San Carlos viruses on cultured human embryo hepatocytes are reported. Examination of liver cells infected with San Carlos virus 6 revealed single virions and crystalline arrays with the hexagonal virion contour measuring an average of 65 to 70 mmu. However, associated with this predominant virion a smaller virus particle with a dimension of 30 to 40 mmu was also found. The nature of this second virion type is not yet clear but its diameter is much larger than the size so far described for the adeno-associated viruses. The size of the smaller virion is probably also too large for it to be a serious candidate for the hepatitis virus but the possible role of these agents in the aetiology of infectious hepatitis, at least in some patients, merits further study.
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PMID:Examination by electron microscopy of the San Carlos viruses isolated from children with infectious hepatitis. 497 21

Analysis of reported rates for infectious hepatitis in the USA and in New York State for the years 1954 through 1962 reveals an inverse relationship between incidence and population density in epidemic as well as inter-epidemic periods. Patterns of age-specific rates were also found to vary with population density, the fluctuations being much greater in rural than in urban areas. The gradual change of hepatitis from a predominantly childhood to an adult disease is noted in data from California.The observations based on data from the USA are compared with those for Denmark and contrasted with recently reported studies from eastern Europe. Such comparisons may prove of value in predicting patterns to be anticipated in areas where infectious hepatitis is currently in the early or pre-epidemic stage of its evolution as a public health problem.
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PMID:Some observations on the ecology of infectious hepatitis. 529 82

Of 53 cases of active chronic liver disease two were found to be carriers of Australia antigen Au (1)-an elderly woman with typical lupoid hepatitis and an elderly mortuary attendant with serologically atypical active chronic hepatitis. Au (1) was detected also in the serum of 7 out of 20 patients with clinically atypical acute hepatitis-one was an elderly Italian woman, one had hepatitis in the puerperium, and five had a history of transfusion or inoculation. The antigen was not found in 20 typical cases of infectious hepatitis in young people in 86 patients with other diseases. Antibody to Au (1) was present in only 2 out of 102 patients who had received numerous transfusions.We conclude, firstly, that Au (1) antigen is rare in white Australians (in keeping with the low incidence of serum hepatitis in Australia), and, secondly, that Au (1) positivity in hepatitis patients is associated with transfusions and with older age. We suggest that active chronic hepatitis and lupoid hepatitis may follow infection of susceptible individuals with Au (1)-positive hepatitis virus, but persistence of the virus in high titre does not appear to be necessary for chronicity of the disease.
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PMID:Australia antigen in chronic hepatitis in Australia. 546 Dec 78


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