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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a prospective study 148 consecutive patients with biopsyproved acute viral hepatitis were observed serially and followed for 5 years. They were divided into three groups on the basis of being treated with high or low doses of gamma globulin and compared with a control group, not treated. As the efficacy of gamma globulin for the prophylaxis or modification of infectious hepatitis has been well documented by many investigators during the past 25 years, we were interested in evaluating the therapeutic effect of gamma globulin on the course of viral hepatitis. The purpose of the study was to determine the comparative efficacy of various doses of gamma globulin in preventing complications and in influencing the severity and the length of time of acute viral hepatitis and in preventing the development of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. For controlling the clinical, biochemical and histopathologic course 12 functional parameters were repeatedly measured under stable clinical conditions and 3--12 liver biopsies were performed in an individual patient using the Menghini needle with an intercostal approach. During the 5-year trial an overall of 825 liver biopsis were performed with this 148 patients. We conclude from this study, that in about 80% of patients with acute viral hepatitis recovery is complete, but takes several month's. A protracted course of 4 month's duration until recovery was found in 45 patients (30,4%), persistent hepatitis with recovery after 1--4 years duration occurred in 37 patients (25%), global liver necrosis with hepatic coma in 3 (2,3%), chronic hepatitis in 22 (14,8%), 8 of them as chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis in 3 (2,3%). The study demonstrated no therapeutic efficacy of gamma globulin in modifying the course or preventing complications of both AuAg+ and AuAg-neg. acute viral hepatitis in man. There was no striking difference in the groups treated with various doses of gamma globulin compared with a control group.
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PMID:[Gamma globulin therapy of acute viral hepatitis. Studies on the therapeutic effect of gamma globulin on the course and late prognosis of manifested acute viral hepatitis in man]. 5 14

The authors analyzed epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of infectious hepatitis in children aged under 11 years in conditions of mass-gamma-globulin prophylaxis in microdoses the last 5 years in Voronezh. It appeared that the incidence of the disease fell and that its clinical course became milder. In connection with reduction of the incidence of infectious hepatitis in the age group of under 10 years, the incidence of the disease was relatively higher in children aged from 10 to 14 years, with a tendency to levelling-out the periodic autumno-winter elevations among preschool children. Introduction of decreased gamma-globulin dose for hepatitis prophylaxis led to a lesser expenditure of the preparation and thus permitted to vaccinate more children.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic and clinical features of infectious hepatitis in children against a background of massive prevention of the disease with microdoses of gamma-globulin]. 6 Aug 58

Serum samples from different groups of adults were tested for HBsAg and IHxAg, using a complement-fixation microtest and the Indian-ink immune reaction, respectively. (i) In healthy men 18-24 years of age, living in camps in closed communities, HBsAg was demonstrated in 1.5%, IHxAg in 12.2%, and both antigens in 0.7%. The incidence of HBsAg positivity seems to be age-dependent and influenced by environmental factors. (ii) For patients hospitalized with liver and/or biliary-tract diseases other than hepatitis, the respective percentages were 10, 13.5 and 4.5%. (iii) Of the cases clinically diagnosed as infectious hepatitis (IH, hepatitis A) or serum hepatitis (SH, hepatitis B), 14% were positive for both antigens whereas 10% were double-negative; 76% were positive for either HBsAg or IHxAg. In two-thirds of the single-positive cases the demonstrated antigen agreed with the clinical diagnosis, in one-third the unexpected antigen was present. (iv) SGPT and thymol turbidity values agreed better with the serological findings that with the clinical diagnosis. The number of days in hospital appeared to be related to both the serological findings and the clinical diagnosis. The clinical course was the most severe for those having both antigens in blood. (v) IHxantibodies from early convalescence were sensitive, those from a later stage were resistant, to 2-mercaptoethanol. (vi) No correlation was found between the presence of IHxAg and that of the rheumatoid factor. (vii) The IHx Indian-ink reaction is disturbed by the presence of labile serum proteins while the essentially similar reverse passive haemagglutination reaction was not affected by them. (viii) Testing for IHxAg seems to be a procedure valuable in the differential diagnosis of IH and SH, though the results are less convincing in adult age than in childhood.
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PMID:Serological differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis in adults. 18 Jul 57

Viral hepatitis is one of the most serious infectious diseases in the United States and is of great concern to the public health agencies, hospitals and research laboratories. Progress in our knowledge of this disease has been based on cooperation between specialists in many diverse scientific disciplines employing sophisticated scientific instruments and technics. Close cooperation between clinical pathologists and clinicians is of great importance in diagnosis. Biologic, immunologic, epidemiologic and morphologic studies have resulted in the demonstration that the disease is the result of infection with at least two different viruses, described as type A and type B hepatitis viruses. The first induces type A hepatitis (infectious or epidemic, or MS-2 strain) of longer incubation period, is transmitted parenterally and apparently by inhalation or ingestion of virus-containing material, by venereal means as well as by other means. Extremely sensitive methods are now available for the detection of hepatitis type B infection, based on the results of biochemical, biophysical and immunoelectronmicroscopic studies that resulted in our knowledge of structure and composition of type B virus, and our knowledge of host immune responses to the various components of this virus. Thus it is now known that two antigen-antibody systems are associated with viral hepatitis type B: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (HBsAb) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and antibody to it (HBcAb). The test for antibody to HBcAg appears to be a sensitive indicator of viral replication when only subdetectable amounts of HBsAg are circulated. Since the recent discovery and characterization of type A hepatitis virus, great progress has been made in our understanding of the relationship between type A and type B hepatitis viruses. There is no cross immunity between the two viruses, and as is now suspected, there may be at least another virus, described as type C virus, which may play an etiologic role in viral hepatitis. There is no doubt now that type A and type B hepatitis viruses can be transmitted to monkeys; type A to marmosets and chimpanzees, type B to chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. The two viruses are serologically and immunologically distinct. This knowledge and the results of biologic experiments have laid a solid foundation of meaningful diagnostic procedures for the two types of viral hepatitis. Advances in biophysical and biochemical procedures of treatment of sera of hepatitis B patients have resulted in availability of viral material, noninfectious but immunogenic, for vaccination of chimpanzees. Protective efficacy trials of the vaccine in chimpanzees have demonstrated the vaccine to be fully protective against high doses of infectious hepatitis B virus...
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PMID:Viral type A and type B hepatitis: morphology, biology, immunology and epidemiology--a review. 21 39

In 1968, studies of infectious hepatitis in volunteers were reported. Immunologic procedures for serologic study of the hepatitis A virus were not available at that time, and only the clinical and biochemical parameters of the disease were reported. Serial serum specimens from the participants in the study were retained; these specimens had been taken before inoculation and up to more than 100 days after inoculation. When a radioimmune assay for antibody to hepatitis A virus was developed, the series of sera was analyzed retrospectively. Forty-four male volunteers were involved in a series of three studies. Twenty (46%) of the volunteers were found to be initially immune to hepatitis A virus. Eighteen susceptible volunteers (with no preexisting antibody) were challenged with infectious virus. Eight of these volunteers developed clinical hepatitis and seroconverted; one seroconverted without evidence of clinical disease; and nine neither seroconverted nor had evidence of clinical disease. The radioimmune assay provided a method for diagnosis of immune status and of the acute disease caused by hepatitis A virus.
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PMID:Serologic studies of transmission of hepatitis A in humans. 22 Mar 30

Hbs-Ag, anti-Hbs, anti-Hbc and anti-HA were determined and the concentration of IgM measured in the sera of cases of acute infectious hepatitis which occurred in the Hannover area in 1975. Although there was a high degree of contamination with hepatitis A virus among the population, acute infectious hepatitis A was rare (n = 56). The hepatitis A virus is principally transmitted by contact with infection or while traveling in southern Europe. The greatest part of infectious hepatitis is due to hepatitis virus B (n = 211). Non-A, non-B hepatitis was less frequently observed (n = 62). A high percentage of patients with serum hepatitis and non-A, non-B hepatitis gave a history of parenteral exposure to possibly infectious material.
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PMID:[Seroepidemiology of acute infectious hepatitis (author's transl)]. 30 23

Within the general hepatitis prevention on dialysis wards regular controls of the liver values and the HBsAG/AK are necessary for the patients and the personnel. The general symptom which is frequently found in these cases -- increased transaminase -- demands a diagnostic clarification and the exclusion of an acute virus hepatitis. Using all examination methods which are at present at our disposal and taking into consideration epidemiologic criteria and the total clinical picture a decision must be done which is right for the patient and the entire dialysis personnel. Own clinical observations refer to the fact that isolated increases of the liver enzyme in dialysis patients must not be traced back a priori to a virus hepatitis, but that these may also be caused by other endogenic and exogenic noxae. In the observation period of 10 years was evident that in an existing infectious hepatitis the increase of the liver enzyme was accompanied by clinical complaints.
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PMID:[Increased transaminase activity in the patients and personnel of dialysis centers and problem of its assessment]. 50 94

The complications of isoniazid (INH) were studied in 1033 patients, who had received INH for at least 18 months, with or without other drugs. Hepatitis developed in 25 patients; this was attributed to rifampicin, (15 cases); infectious hepatitis (three cases); INH alone, (three cases); IHN possibly exacerbating chronic liver disease, (two cases); and multiple drug treatment, (two cases). Central nervous system disorders (mainly peripheral neuropathy) due to INH occurred in 12 patients, all of whom were over the age of 40 years. Hypersensitivity to INH developed in 12 patients. Some difficulties in distinguishing hepatitis due to rifampicin from that due to INH are discussed. When the risk of hepatitis was compared with the risks of developing, or dying from, tuberculosis, it was found that the benefits of INH chemoprophylaxis outweighed the risks, particularly in patients who were less than 50 years of age.
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PMID:How safe is isoniazid? 65 34

Oral glucose tolerance tests (100 g glucose) and the intravenous tolbutamide test were carried out. The glucose tolerance was seen to be disordered even in acute infectious hepatitis, but returning to normal when cured. If chronic hepatitis develops, however, the proportion of manifest diabetes increases to 7.2% in chronic persistent hepatitis and to 16.3% in chronic progressive hepatitis, while 30% each have latent diabetes. The glucose tolerance is most impaired in fatty liver (stage III) and in active cirrhosis of the liver with portal hypertension, where more than half of all patients present manifest or latent diabetes. Conversely, glucose tolerance improves even in chronic hepatitis and in cirrhosis of the liver as the inflammatory activity subsides. The main cause for the development of "liver diabetes" is therefore likely to be the activity of the inflammatory process, the extent of portal hypertension, disorders of glucose regulation in the liver and the increased insulin inactivation in the cirrhotic liver.
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PMID:[Disorders of glucose tolerance in 2600 histologically confirmed acute and chronic liver patients (author's transl)]. 81 Jun 95

Australia Antigen was detected by radioimmunoassay technique in 80 cases of viral hepatitis. Incidence of the antigen was 40% in patients with epidemiologic data of infectious hepatitis, 84% in patients with epidemiologic data of serum hepatitis and 61% in a group of patients not reporting a reliable epidemiologic history. The count rate was periodically determined during the course of the illness in the attempt to evaluate, within the limits of the method, the amount of the antigen in the serum samples. Results are briefly discussed, together with the problem of the correlation between the presence of Australia Antigen and the two types of hepatitis infection.
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PMID:[Radioimmunologic determination of the Australia antigen during the course of viral hepatitis]. 81 60


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