Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients attending a clinic for diseases of the liver were tested for blood-ethanol by a gas chromatographic technique sensitive to about 5 mg/dl (1 mmol/1). Of 172 patients (51 men, 121 women) 36% gave a history of heavy drinking (greater than 80 g ethanol/day; equivalent to 8 fl oz of whisky or 1 litre of wine) and 13% had ethanol in the bloodstream at values of 8-400 mg/dl. 42 patients (24%) had the liver-biopsy changes of alcoholic liver disease, and 17 of these had ethanol in the blood at one time or another. Nearly half (22/49) of all patients admitting heavy drinking also had detectable blood-ethanol. In all cases but 1 where blood-ethanol was found, a drinking history was admitted on first attendance, and alcoholic liver disease was nearly always found on subsequent biopsy. Blood-ethanol and admission of drinking were most constantly found in association with alcoholic steatosis and hepatitis. Both features were less commonly present in cases of alcoholic cirrhosis. Only 1 patient of 22 with "cryptogenic" cirrhosis on biopsy was found to have both ethanol in the blood and an alcoholic history, although 5 had an alcoholic history alone. The value of serial blood-ethanol estimations in the treatment of alcoholics and the detection of relapses is demonstrated. The findings confirm the relatively low frequency of alcoholism as a contributor to cirrhosis in the United Kingdom. Alcohol does not seem a major cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Casual blood-ethanol estimation is a useful and objective adjunct to techniques of investigating diseases of the liver.
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PMID:Casual blood-ethanol estimations in patients with chronic liver disease. 5 Nov 46

To elucidate the risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among women, we made a combined analysis of the data from three case-control studies conducted in high-risk areas of Japan. A total of 120 cases and 257 controls were included in the analysis. After adjustment for the study category, age, and other potential confounders, significantly increased risks were associated with chronic hepatitis-B virus infection (odds ratio [OR] = 42.4, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 11.2-160.2), a past history of blood transfusion (OR = 3.7, CI = 1.8-7.5), and a history of smoking (OR = 2.2, CI = 12-4.1). In addition, women with a history of heavy drinking experienced an elevated risk of borderline significance (OR = 4.2, CI = 0.9-20.4, P = 0.07). When these ORs were compared with the corresponding estimates among males from the same case-control studies, no significant differences were observed between the two genders. Among the factors examined in this analysis, drinking and smoking habits--which are more common among Japanese men than women--may partly account for a large male-predominance in the incidence of HCC. Further studies are needed to clarify the roles that sex-hormones and hepatitis-C virus infection might play in the large gender difference of HCC occurrence.
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PMID:Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma among Japanese women. 774 57

Characteristics of high-risk groups for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan were studied to establish screening strategies for early detection of the tumor. Some 93% of patients with HCC were associated with chronic liver disease. On the other hand, 67% of patients with liver cirrhosis had HCC at autopsy. Most were related to current hepatitis virus infection. An analysis of risk factors among 120 patients with chronic hepatitis revealed that age and histological findings were independent risk factors, while HBsAg, anti-HCV, sex, history of heavy drinking, history of blood transfusion were not independent risk factors. Multivariate analysis of 239 patients with liver cirrhosis demonstrated that age, positivity for HBsAg and/or anti-HCV, family history of liver disease, hepatic reserve, and a history of radical resection were independent factors related to the development of HCC. A screening schedule for cirrhotic patients was established in accordance with these results; ultrasonography was done every three months, and tumor markers measured every two months. The screening strategy proved to be effective for the early detection of HCC and improvement of the prognosis.
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PMID:High-risk groups and screening strategies for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease. 840 98

A 37-year-old man had a sore throat and pyrexia since January 1999. He was treated at a nearby hospital, but not improved. Jaundice was indicated there, and the patient was referred transferred to our hospital, where he was admitted for treatment with a diagnosis of severe acute hepatitis with acute renal failure. Thereafter the patient was revealed to have had a past history of heavy drinking, and he underwent the treatment with a diagnosis of acute fulminant hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus (HAV). He showed a tendency toward improvement. During the course, however, viral associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) developed. Various treatments were conducted, but it was not improved, and the patient died on Hospital Day 66. On pathologic autopsy, remarkable hepatosplenomegaly associated with marked bone marrow abnormalities compatible with VAHS was observed. Aspergillus abscesses were also observed in many organs, and they were considered as an adverse reaction to potent immunosuppressive therapy. Since there have been only a few reports on HAV-related VAHS, discussing VAHS related to HAV, the present case was considered valuable.
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PMID:Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with fulminant hepatitis A: a case report. 1271 21

About 5,000 people die each year from chronic liver disease in England and Wales alone. In many patients, the liver injury is due to chronic excessive alcohol consumption and manifests as alcoholic hepatitis (an acute inflammation of the liver), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis superimposed on a background of cirrhosis. Mild alcoholic hepatitis may be asymptomatic and reversible, but where the hepatitis is more severe, up to 65% of those affected die from it. The incidence of alcoholic hepatitis in the UK seems set to increase with the rise in heavy drinking, particularly among women. Here we review how patients with alcoholic hepatitis should be managed.
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PMID:Management of alcoholic hepatitis. 1287 88

We describe a 23-year-old retired military officer who was immunocompetent but diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) by Plasmodium vivax infection. Initially, the patient was suspected to have toxic hepatitis related to heavy drinking. But abnormal hematologic findings required a further bone marrow examination and the diagnosis of HPS was made. Antimalarial chemotherapy then brought complete remission. Plasmodium falciparum, a species causing more severe malarial infection, was listed as one of the major causes of HPS. However, P. vivax was not mentioned, and only one case was reported in the literature. In this study, we suggest that P. vivax malaria should be included in the differential diagnosis of HPS, even in an immunocompetent person.
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PMID:Plasmodium vivax malaria complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome in an immunocompetent serviceman. 1450

Although alcohol intake as well as hepatitis viruses has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gene-alcohol interactions on HCC risk remain to be elucidated. We conducted a case-control study to examine whether polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) modified the HCC risk depending on the amount of alcohol intake. ADH2 and ALDH2 genotyping was performed by a duplex polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers in 209 newly diagnosed HCC cases and 2 different controls [275 hospital controls and 381 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD)]. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that heavy drinkers consuming >or=3 "go"s/day of sake (69 g of ethanol/day) showed an increased risk of HCC based on comparison of HCC cases with hospital controls [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 13.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3-54.3] or CLD patients (adjusted OR = 7.0; 95% CI 2.5-19.2), whereas the overall risk was not elevated among light to moderate drinkers consuming <3 "go"s/day. Interestingly, light to moderate drinking was associated with an increased risk among those with ALDH2*1/*2 (adjusted OR = 4.5 or 2.0), but not among those with ALDH2*1/*1 (adjusted OR = 0.8 or 1.0; p interaction = 0.03 or 0.13). However, this gene-alcohol interaction was not observed for heavy drinking. Among light to moderate drinkers, people with the combination of ALDH2*1/*2 and ADH2*2/*2 revealed the highest risk of HCC. These findings indicate that the ALDH2 polymorphism may modify HCC risk among light to moderate drinkers.
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PMID:Influence of alcohol consumption and gene polymorphisms of ADH2 and ALDH2 on hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese population. 1618 78

Unhealthy alcohol use is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Among military personnel, service members between the ages 18 and 25 had a 27.3% prevalence of heavy drinking in the previous 30 days, compared to 15.3% among civilians in the same age group. In the civilian world, > 100 million patients are treated in U.S. emergency departments (ED) annually; 7.9% of these visits are alcohol related. Alcohol is associated with a broad range of health consequences that may ultimately present in the ED setting: traumatic injuries (e.g., motor vehicle crashes, intentional violence, falls); environmental injuries (e.g., frostbite); cardiovascular problems (e.g., hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy); gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., hepatitis, pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding); neurological problems (e.g., encephalopathy, alcohol withdrawal, withdrawal seizures), as well as psychological problems (e.g., depression, suicide). Seminal work has been done to create behavioral interventions for at-risk drinkers. These motivational interventions have been found to be successful in encouraging clients to change their risky behaviors. We present such a technique, called the Brief Negotiated Interview as performed in a civilian ED setting, in hopes of adapting it for use in the military context. Military health care providers could easily adapt this technique to help reduce risky levels of alcohol consumption among service members, retirees, or military dependents.
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PMID:Brief interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use among military personnel: lessons learned from the civilian experience. 1680 38

Coffee use has consistently been associated with lower serum liver enzyme levels and a reduced risk of liver cirrhosis. A limited number of cohort and case-control studies also suggest a decreased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among coffee drinkers, but mostly without consideration of hepatitis virus infection. In the present case-control study, we recruited 209 incident HCC cases and three different controls (1308 community controls, 275 hospital controls, and 381 patients with chronic liver disease [CLD] without HCC), all of whom were aged 40-79 years and residents of Saga Prefecture, Japan. A questionnaire survey elicited information on coffee use during the last 1-2 years and 10 years before, and plasma hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to hepatitis C virus were tested for all but community controls. After adjustment for sex, age, heavy alcohol use, smoking status and hepatitis virus markers (except for community controls), coffee use during the last 1-2 years was associated with a decreased risk against any control group. For coffee use 10 years before, comparison between HCC cases and either community controls or CLD patients revealed a decreased risk; adjusted odds ratios for occasional use, 1-2 cups/day and > or =3 cups/day compared with no use were 0.33, 0.27 and 0.22 (P trend < 0.001), respectively, against community controls, and 0.86, 0.62 and 0.53 (P trend = 0.05), respectively, against CLD patients. These results suggest that coffee may protect against the development of HCC, yet further elaborate studies (hopefully, intervention studies) are warranted to corroborate these findings.
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PMID:Inverse association between coffee drinking and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Japan. 1723 38

Emerging epidemiologic data suggest that cigarette smoking may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet considerable controversies (e.g. inconsistent dose-response relationships) still exist with this association. We examined whether smoking was associated with HCC risk in a case-control study including 209 incident HCC cases and two different control groups (256 hospital controls and 381 patients with chronic liver disease [CLD] without HCC). Comparison of HCC cases with CLD patients, but not with hospital controls, demonstrated a significantly increased risk of HCC for current smokers. After adjustment for sex, age, heavy drinking history and hepatitis virus markers, odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for former and current smokers relative to never smokers were 1.0 (0.6-1.7) and 2.5 (1.4-4.6), respectively, against CLD patients, as compared with 0.8 (0.3-2.3) and 1.8 (0.6-5.1), respectively, against hospital controls. In terms of pack-years during lifetime, dose-response relationship was not evident against either control group (P trend = 0.43), but it became clearer for more recent cigarette use among CLD patients. For example, regarding cumulative cigarette consumption during the last 5 years, adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for 1-4 and 5+ pack-years relative to no use were 1.9 (1.1-3.6) and 2.8 (1.5-5.2) (P trend = 0.003), respectively. These results suggest that cigarette smoking may play a crucial role in the late stage of HCC development and that CLD patients may benefit from their earliest smoking cessation.
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PMID:Case-control study on cigarette smoking and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among Japanese. 1795 90


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