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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An important adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract to the extrauterine environment is its development of a mucosal barrier against the penetration of harmful substances (bacteria, toxins and antigens) present within the intestinal lumen. At birth, the newborn infant must be prepared to deal with bacterial colonization of the gut, with formation of toxic byproducts of bacteria and viruses (enterotoxins and endotoxins) and with the ingestion of antigens (milk proteins). These potentially noxious substances if allowed to penetrate the mucosal epithelial barrier under pathological conditions can cause inflammatory and allergic reactions which may result in gastrointestinal and systemic disease states. To combat the potential danger of invasion across the mucosal barrier the infant must develop an elaborate system of defence mechanisms within the lumen and on the luminal mucosal surface which act to control and maintain the epithelium as an impermeable barrier to uptake of macromolecular antigens. These defences include a unique immunological system adapted to function in the complicated milieu of the intestine as well as other non-immunological processes such as a gastric barrier, intestinal surface secretions, peristaltic movement and natural antibacterial substances (lysozyme, bile salts) which also help to provide maximum protection for the intestinal surface. Unfortunately, during the immediate postpartum period, particularly for premature and small-for-dates infants, this elaborate local defence system is incompletely developed. As a result of the delay in the maturation of the mucosal barrier newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to pathological penetration by harmful intraluminal substances. The consequences of altered defence are susceptibility to infection and the potential for hypersensitivity reactions and for formation of immune complexes. With these reactions comes the potential for developing life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and hepatitis. Fortunately, 'nature' has provided a means for passively protecting the 'vulnerable' newborn against dangers of a deficient intestinal defence system, namely human milk. It is now increasingly apparent that human milk contains not only antibodies and viable leucocytes but many other substances which can interfere with bacterial colonization and prevent antigen penetration.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal host defence: importance of gut closure in control of macromolecular transport. 26 21

Chlamydia were routinely isolated from a group of calves with pneumonia, systemic disease, and enteric involvement. The most commonly observed lesions were acute interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis, and enteritis. Cultures of sequentially collected nasal and rectal samples from clinically normal calves revealed a large percentage of inapparent infections during, at least, the first 30 days of age.
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PMID:Diagnostic features of chlamydia infection in dairy calves. 248 14

Human hypersensitivity angiitis is a disease involving deposition of immune complexes in which patients present with palpable purpuric lesions most often on the lower extremities and sometimes associated with multiple organ involvement. There are numerous potential antigens in the immune complex and the disease may be derived from an infectious organism such as Streptococcus or the hepatitis virus, from a drug, or from a variety of other chemicals which may be ingested or inhaled. In addition, the antigen may be part of another systemic disease. This complex of circulating antigen and antibody may become fixed within the vessel wall activating the complement cascade with elaboration of factors chemotactic for neutrophils. These cells then release lysosomal enzymes which result in destruction of the vessel wall and leakage of red blood cells into the tissue. This produces the typical purpura and palpability seen clinically. A central question in the pathogenesis of this disease is to explain why the immune complex is seemingly so selective in its site of deposition as it may be deposited in postcapillary venules in some patients and medium-sized muscular arteries in other patients. Part of the reason for this must be related to the lattice formation of a particular complex, while other reasons are likely related to alterations in vascular permeability, to the integrity of clearance mechanisms for the complex, or possibly even to a genetically determined defect of the phagocytic system.
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PMID:Human hypersensitivity angiitis. 253 32

Asymmetric affection of the major lower limb joints is a characteristic feature of the joint syndrome in yersiniosis-associated arthritis. The sacroiliac articulations are frequently (47% cases) involved. In addition, yersiniosis-associated arthritis concurs with the signs and symptoms of systemic disease--gastroenterocolitis, myocardiopathy and myocarditis, erythema nodosum, hepatitis, urethritis, conjunctivitis, myositis and myalgia, enteropathy; changes in the CNS typical for the astheno-neurotic syndrome are frequently present. Comparison of the immunological assay data in complicated and uncomplicated yersiniosis shows equally high levels of IgG and CIC. High anti-DNA antibody titres are more frequently found in the serum of uncomplicated yersiniosis patients. ELISA quantitation of specific IgA, IgM, and IgG class antibodies in yersiniosis-associated arthritis patients demonstrated persistence of all the three antibody classes or of IgA-IgG combination in cases with most severe of the joint syndrome. In the presence of cardiac disease, patients were found to have high titres of antibodies reactive with the cardiac interstitial tissue, while in authentically diagnosed myocarditis cases with the sarcolemma. The investigation findings strongly suggest a high degree of involvement of immune and autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of arthritides secondary to Yersinia infection.
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PMID:[Clinico-immunologic characteristics of complicated and uncomplicated yersiniosis]. 277 63

Exfoliative dermatitis or erythroderma may be a sign of systemic disease, usually a T-cell lymphoma, although other malignancies may also be associated. We observed two patients in whom severe hepatitis and an exfoliative dermatitis occurred simultaneously. We believe that this association has not been reported previously.
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PMID:Erythroderma with fulminant hepatitis: a possible association. 293 80

Nineteen episodes of ischemic hepatitis were diagnosed by hepatitic liver function tests and characteristic liver pathology in 17 patients. All patients had an acute illness associated with a likely fall in cardiac output although only five episodes were associated with documented hypotension. Right ventricular failure was severe in only four, mild in six, and absent in nine whilst left ventricular failure was clinically apparent in 16. The hepatitic illness was usually mild. No patient died as a direct result of hepatic damage, prognosis depending on the underlying cardiac or systemic disease. Liver function tests were characterised by a marked rise in serum transaminase levels with a parallel increase in serum lactic dehydrogenase of hepatic origin and a short time course of the enzyme elevation lasting 3 to 11 days. It is concluded that ischemic hepatitis is caused by poor hepatic perfusion associated with an acute fall in cardiac output; is usually a subclinical illness with little influence on prognosis, and may be accurately differentiated from viral hepatitis on clinical and biochemical criteria alone.
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PMID:Ischemic hepatitis: clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis. 659 50

Renal disease occurs frequently along with diseases of the liver. In autopsy material of patients with liver cirrhosis, half of the patients have morphological signs of secondary type IgA nephropathy. In this paper we report on the renal changes observed in patients with diseases of the liver, such as hepatic glomerulosclerosis, secondary IgA nephropathy, glomerulonephritis with viral hepatitis, systemic disease with hepatitis (mixed cryoglobulinemia and polyarteritis nodosa) with renal affection, renal changes after liver transplantation and the hepatorenal syndrome. The morphological changes of the kidney are emphasized.
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PMID:[Renal changes in liver diseases]. 812 96

Clinical characteristics of Lyme disease were analysed in 22 patients. Erythema migrans was found in 20 (91%), arthralgia in 18 (81%), neuralgia in 8 (36%), encephalitis in 3 (13%), carditis in 2 (9%) and arthritis in 2 (9%) patients. The positive antibody titer was found in 14 (63%) patients. Favourable effects of antibiotic therapy was achieved in all patients. Erythema migrans has been manifested up to 12 days after tick sting and arthralgia, arthritis, neuralgia, hepatitis and chronic dermatitis within a year. Carditis and encephalitis have been developing from a month to ten years after tick sting. Lyme borreliosis is commonly manifested as a systemic disease. Together with the skin, most commonly have been involved ankle joints, heart and nervous system. The time from tick sting to the onset of first signs of the diseases varies by the involved organs.
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PMID:[Clinical characteristics of Lyme disease]. 827 6

Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) are non-cultivated intracellular cell-wall deficient pathogenic bacteria with a distinctive ultrastructural appearance. Diagnosis of MLO disease depends on finding the organisms in parasitized cells using a transmission electron microscope. MLO are a well studied cause of transmissible chronic plant disease responsive to antibiotics. MLO have recently been found to cause human chronic uveitis, orbital, and retinal disease with autoimmune features. Ophthalmic leucocytes in these patients display MLO parasitization. Inoculation of human uveitis MLO into mouse eyelids produced chronic uveitis. MLO also disseminated to produce randomly distributed lethal systemic disease including chronic hepatitis. MLO parasitized leucocytes were present in all disease sites. Direct intrahepatic inoculation of human hepatic pathogens is a simple and efficient technique to produce murine hepatitis. This report describes the delayed onset widespread inflammatory liver disease produced by direct intrahepatic inoculation of human chronic uveitis MLO in 12 of 20 mice versus 0 in 40 controls (P < 0.05). The liver disease was accompanied by elevated serum SGOT levels, splenomegaly, and accelerated mortality. All 12 inflamed livers displayed MLO parasitized leucocytes versus 0 of 10 control livers. The resemblance of human chronic active hepatitis, massive hepatic necrosis, and post-necrotic cirrhosis to the MLO induced murine liver disease, the role of molecular biologic techniques in the detection and classification of those bacteria, and in therapy of MLO disease are discussed.
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PMID:Experimental murine chronic hepatitis: results following intrahepatic inoculation of human uveitis mycoplasma-like organisms. 839 4

Hepatitis developed in a 31-y-old pregnant Chinese woman after consumption of Shou-Wu-Pian, a proprietary Chinese medicine prepared from Polygonum multiflorum. Tests for viral hepatitis were negative and there was no evidence of other systemic disease. The herbal preparation is commonly available in the Orient and China towns in western countries. Cases of herb-induced hepatitis reported in China are reviewed.
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PMID:Hepatitis related to the Chinese medicine Shou-wu-pian manufactured from Polygonum multiflorum. 882 47


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