Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A newly developed Western blot assay for antibody to hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) was used to evaluate 39 cases of acute pediatric hepatitis and 39 control patients in Khartoum, Sudan. The mean age of cases was 6.5 years (range, 2-14); 64% were male. Acute hepatitis A (IgM anti-HAV-positive) was diagnosed in 13 cases, acute hepatitis B (IgM anti-HBc-positive) in 1, and acute hepatitis E (positive for IgM anti-HEV) in 23 (59%). None of the cases with IgM anti-HAV or IgM anti-HBc had IgM anti-HEV; 3 controls had IgM anti-HEV. Acute hepatitis E was associated with recent contact with a family member or acquaintance with jaundice and the presence of indoor plumbing. The newly developed hepatitis E assay appeared to be specific for the diagnosis of acute icteric non-A, non-B hepatitis. Hepatitis E was found to be the most common cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in children living in an urban area of Africa.
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PMID:Acute sporadic hepatitis E in Sudanese children: analysis based on a new western blot assay. 158 17

Acute hepatitis E infection was diagnosed in a Pakistani immigrant admitted to the University of Illinois Hospital. Utilizing enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests, specific IgG and IgM class antibodies to three different epitopes of hepatitis E virus (HEV) were detected 12 weeks after the onset of illness and in the early convalescent stage. Sixteen months after the onset of hepatitis, IgM anti-HEV was no longer detectable. Low levels of IgG class anti-HEV antibodies continued to be detected. We demonstrate the utility of the EIA HEV assay to diagnose prospectively acute HEV infection.
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PMID:Diagnosis of acute hepatitis E infection utilizing enzyme immunoassay. 805 Mar 18

The aetiological agents responsible for, and the outcome of, acute liver failure were investigated prospectively in 44 children (29 males, 15 females) attending a tertiary health care facility in India. The children were between the ages of 2 months and 13 years. Studies for viral infections and other etiologies could be carried out in 40 patients. Specific aetiological labels were possible in 35 (87.5%) patients. Thirty (75%) had evidence of acute viral hepatitis. Acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was found in a total of 18 children, with hepatitis A (HAV) in 16, hepatitis B in 5, and C in 1. Seven had isolated infection with hepatitis E, five with A, and four with B. Nine had both E and A infection. Superinfection of HEV was observed in a child with Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC). Acute HEV infection was confirmed by immunoblot assay in all the patients and in eight of these, HEV-RNA was also detected in the serum. HAV was involved in 37.5% of cases with isolated infection in 10% (4 of 40). The aetiological factors associated with acute liver failure, apart from HAV and HEV, were other hepatotropic viruses (22.5%), Wilson's disease (5%), ICC (5%), and hepatotoxic drugs (7.5%). In five patients, no serological evidence of acute viral hepatitis could be found, neither did the metabolic screen yield any result. It was observed that enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (HAV and HEV) were associated with 60% of acute hepatic failure in children. Mixed infection of HAV and HEV formed the single largest aetiological subgroup. In developing countries, where hepatitis A and E infections are endemic, severe complications can arise in the case of mixed infection. This may contribute to most of the mortality from acute liver failure during childhood.
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PMID:Acute viral hepatitis types E, A, and B singly and in combination in acute liver failure in children in north India. 880 Dec 80

Hepatitis E infection is typically associated with areas in which hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic. Except for a few cases in Europe and in the United States, acute hepatitis E is usually associated with travel to endemic areas. We set out to determine the etiologic role of HEV in acute non-A-C hepatitis in Italy. The presence of HEV-RNA and antibody was determined in 218 patients diagnosed with acute viral non-A-C hepatitis. Acute hepatitis E infection was defined by the presence of HEV-RNA in sera and positivity for IgM anti-HEV and seroconversion to IgG anti-HEV. Acute hepatitis E was found in 10.1% of the patients with acute non-A-C, with 95.5% exhibiting a benign course. A more severe course was observed in a patient co-infected with HAV and HEV. Most cases were travelers to endemic areas, although 18.2% reported no travel. One patient was from a household with an infected patient. Sequence analyses of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product derived from a patient who never visited endemic areas, identified an isolate that is divergent significantly from all reported isolates of HEV (79.5-85.8% nucleotide identity). Evidence from this study suggests that HEV accounts for approximately 10% of acute non-A-C viral hepatitis in Italy, diagnosed generally in travelers returning from endemic areas. However, the identification of a new HEV variant in an individual who never indicated travel or contact with individuals associated with endemic areas, suggests that this virus may be native to Italy.
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PMID:Identification of a novel variant of hepatitis E virus in Italy. 1008 46

Acute hepatitis E is caused by infection with hepatitis E virus, which is endemic in developing countries. Recently, the number of cases with acute hepatitis E is increasing in Japan due to increased travel to the endemic areas. This paper reports a case of a Japanese man with acute hepatitis E who had a history of traveling to south China. Serum creatine phosphokinase was elevated on admission without symptoms of muscle damage (isoenzyme MM 100%), and normalized in parallel with resolution of hepatitis, raising the possibility of an association between elevation of creatine phosphokinase and acute hepatitis E. However, we need to investigate further the incidence of elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase in many cases with acute viral hepatitis including hepatitis A, B, and C to determine whether muscle disorder is characteristic of acute hepatitis E.
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PMID:Acute hepatitis E with elevated creatine phosphokinase. 1451 86

Every year over 50 million people travel from industrialized countries to areas with high prevalence of oral-fecal and sexually transmissible forms of viral hepatitis. The risk of infection with hepatitis A is associated with the standard of living, the length of stay, and the area of destination. Acute hepatitis E is predominantly transmitted in India and other Asian countries. The main risk factors for the acquisition of hepatitis B are sexual promiscuity and unprotected sexual intercourse. This report provides detailed information on the risk of hepatitis in travelers, available vaccination schedules, clinical and laboratory diagnostic features, and necessary therapeutic aspects in cases of ongoing acute viral hepatitis.
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PMID:[Hepatitis as a travel disease]. 1511 29

Hepatitis E previously known as enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, is a self limiting infectious viral disease of developing countries. Various issues regarding the pathogenesis of liver injury and its natural history remain unanswered after two decades of its discovery. A small proportion of patients develop fulminant hepatic failure. Mortality is very high if it is associated with pregnancy, especially during third trimester. After establishment of hepatitis A virus as a cause of decompensation of chronic liver disease, now there are reports that hepatitis E viruses also does the same. Acute hepatitis E in these patients has a protracted course with high morbidity and mortality. Many patients develop hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy and even liver failure after co-infection with hepatitis E virus. Now time has come to institute hepatitis E virus superinfection as one of the cause of acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatitis E is a problem of developing countries and Nepal is in the endemic zone. Sudden decompensation in chronic liver disease patient, who were otherwise stable and under regular follow up, should be carefully dealt with. Patient statistics at our unit shows that 7 cases of chronic liver diseases with superinfection with hepatitis E virus were dealt from April 2004 to August 2005. Two patients (29%) died and 5 recovered. In patients with recovery, there was deterioration of Child-Pugh grading and the duration of hospital stay was longer. Thus, hepatitis E in diagnosed chronic liver disease case should be taken apprehensively. Similarly patients of chronic liver disease traveling to endemic zone should take precaution. If vaccine against hepatitis E virus is developed, chronic liver disease patient would be the eligible candidate for vaccination beside pregnant ladies.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus infection in chronic liver disease causes rapid decompensation. 1716 Jan

The hepatitis E virus is endemic in countries with poor sanitation, where it has many similarities with the hepatitis A virus. It causes a strictly human, feco-oral transmitted, acute, self-limited hepatitis in young adults. The outcome is excellent, except in pregnant women and cirrhotic patients, who experience a high mortality rate. The first cases described in industrialized countries were travellers coming from endemic areas. However, there is now growing evidence that locally-acquired hepatitis E is common in these areas, where it is an emergent disease, despite it is still misdiagnosed. In industrialized countries, hepatitis E spreads sporadically and has a predilection for elderly men with comorbidity, particularly chronic liver diseases. The mortality seems to be higher in this population. In these areas, hepatitis E is due to the genotype 3 virus that is thought to be zoonotically transmitted by pigs and wild boar. Hepatitis E may evolve towards a chronic infection in immunocompromised subjects, particularly in solid organ-transplanted patients. In case of chronic infection, it may cause liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The diagnosis of hepatitis E is based on serological tests (IgM and IgG) and detection of the viral genome by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on blood and stools. Acute hepatitis E does not require any treatment but in chronically infected patients, a sustained viral response and finally a definitive viral clearance has been observed after a three-month course of low-dose ribavirin (600 to 800 mg/day). Two vaccines underwent successful human trials but are not yet commercially available.
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PMID:[Hepatitis E: an emerging disease]. 2240 25

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is one of the enterically transmitted types of hepatitis. The present study was undertaken to estimate the occurrence of HEV infection in sporadic acute hepatitis in Thailand. Serum samples were obtained from 614 suspected acute hepatitis patients at two large hospitals in Bangkok during 2008, 2009, and 2011. Acute hepatitis E was identified by the presence of anti-HEV IgM (4.8%) using indirect ELISA kits and/or HEV RNA (4.5%) by a semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. HEV IgM was the most common marker for detection (77%) at diagnosis, either by positive HEV IgM alone or together with HEV RNA, whereas HEV RNA alone was detected in 23% of patients. Overall, 4.2% of cases (26 out of 614) were acute HEV infection with the highest attack rate in the elderly age group. In addition, nucleotide sequence analysis of five HEV samples revealed 92.8-99.8% homology. All viruses were clustered into HEV genotype 3 and were similar genetically to swine HEV strains previously detected in the same area. Therefore, the occurrence of HEV infection with closely related to swine genotype 3 was approximately 4-5% of acute hepatitis cases in Thailand. Anti-HEV IgM was the most common marker at diagnosis.
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PMID:Occurrence of hepatitis E virus infection in acute hepatitis in Thailand. 2498 76

Acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in many developing countries, yet rarely identified in Western countries. Given that antibody testing for HEV infection is not routinely obtained, we hypothesized that HEV-related ALF might be present and unrecognized in North American ALF patients. Serum samples of 681 adults enrolled in the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group were tested for anti-HEV immunoglobulin (Ig) M and anti-HEV IgG levels. Subjects with a detectable anti-HEV IgM also underwent testing for HEV RNA. Mean patient age was 41.8 years, 32.9% were male, and ALF etiologies included acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity (29%), indeterminate ALF (23%), idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury DILI (22%), acute hepatitis B virus infection (12%), autoimmune hepatitis (12%), and pregnancy-related ALF (2%). Three men ages 36, 39, and 70 demonstrated repeatedly detectable anti-HEV IgM, but all were HEV-RNA negative and had other putative diagnoses. The latter 2 subjects died within 3 and 11 days of enrollment whereas the 36-year-old underwent emergency liver transplantation on study day 2. At admission, 294 (43.4%) of the ALF patients were anti-HEV IgG positive with the seroprevalence being highest in those from the Midwest (50%) and lowest in those from the Southeast (28%). Anti-HEV IgG+ subjects were significantly older, less likely to have APAP overdose, and had a lower overall 3-week survival compared to anti-HEV IgG- subjects (63% vs. 70%; P = 0.018).
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PMID:The role of hepatitis E virus infection in adult Americans with acute liver failure. 2786 23


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