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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dramatic advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of the major viral diseases of the liver have been made. Hepatitis B and A viruses have been identified, with specific diagnostic serologic assays commercially available for these infections. The diagnosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis is currently made by exclusion. Morphological alterations in viral hepatitis are similar, regardless of the etiologic agent. Chronic viral hepatitis may be associated with hepatitis B and non-A, non-B, but not with hepatitis A. Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with an increased incidence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Viruses similar to the hepatitis B virus cause the same spectrum of liver disease in certain animals. With the development of a vaccine against hepatitis B virus infection, it may be possible to prevent a large proportion of worldwide chronic liver disease, as well as primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:The biology of viral hepatitis. 628 89

Chronic viral hepatitis is prevalent worldwide in the pediatric population and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Acquisition of disease in early childhood may predispose children to long-term complications, including cirrhosis and HCC. Efforts should be made to recognize, control, and prevent further spread of these infections, especially in areas where hepatitis is endemic. Alpha interferon therapy hastens disease remission in a proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Further studies are needed to define the role of interferon in chronic HDV and HCV infection in children.
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PMID:Management of chronic viral hepatitis in children. 763 78

Chronic viral hepatitis is caused mainly by chronic infection with hepatitis viruses B (HBV), C (HCV), or delta (HDV). Persons chronically infected with one or more of these viruses may develop chronic progressive hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. In addition, chronic HBV and HCV infections are major causal risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Alcohol consumption accelerates the development of chronic liver disease among HCV-infected individuals and may have similar effects on persons chronically infected with HBV alone or HBV and HDV, but the reported studies are inconsistent.
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PMID:The epidemiology of hepatitis viruses B, C, and D. 879 71

Chronic viral hepatitis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Four of the six identifiable hepatitis viruses are associated with chronic disease. Until recently, the only accepted treatment has been injected interferon alfa. New antiviral medications currently hold promise in the treatment of hepatitis B. Hepatitis C remains more difficult to treat than hepatitis B, but involving the patient in selecting the treatment and identifying patients with better responses to interferon may help the physician direct the management of such patients more successfully.
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PMID:Management of chronic viral hepatitis. 919 59

Chronic viral hepatitis represents the most common liver disease worldwide. It can be induced by HBV (eventually as HDV-coinfection) and HCV. From the pathologist's point of view chronic hepatitis represents portal accentuated inflammation of the liver associated with a variable degree of interface hepatitis and acinar damage. Although much research has been done to unravel the mechanisms which cause chronic viral hepatitis, many questions are unanswered. Up to now, liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis. On one hand it shows the grade of inflammation and the stage of disease, on the other hand it can highlight additional liver diseases, which might have an adverse influence. Therefore, liver biopsy allows the best prediction of disease progression. In a recent consensus statement, the scoring system of Desmet was recommended for grading and staging of chronic hepatitis.
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PMID:[Pathogenesis and pathomorphology of chronic viral hepatitis]. 1803 84

Chronic viral hepatitis remains a major problem among patients with chronic renal failure. Hepatitis B and C viruses are frequent among dialysis patients and after renal transplantation and may significantly diminish the survival of both the patient and the graft. Hepatitis B and C viral infection in these patients is often characterized by normal transaminase levels despite viremia and progressive liver lesions. Liver biopsy remains essential for assessing the extent of liver disease. Cirrhosis is a contraindication to transplantation of only a kidney, because of elevated morbidity and mortality. A combined as liver-kidney transplantation may be considered. The best treatment of hepatitis infections is preventive: vaccination against the hepatitis B virus and attentive hygiene, especially to prevent nosocomial transmission. Among patients not awaiting transplant, antiviral treatment should be reserved for patients with active or even fibrotic liver disease. For hemodialysis patients awaiting kidney transplant: Alpha interferon is ineffective and poorly tolerated by dialysis patients. Lamivudine is effective and well tolerated, but its long-term efficacy and its optimal effective dose in dialysis patients remain unknown.
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PMID:[Chronic viral hepatitis and kidney failure]. 1829 15

Chronic viral hepatitis is a common disease in the general population. During chronic hepatitis, the prognosis and clinical management are highly dependent on the extent of liver fibrosis. The fibrosis evaluation can be performed by FibroTest (using serological markers), by Elastography or FibroScan (a noninvasive percutaneous technique using the elastic properties of the hepatic tissue) and by liver biopsy (LB), considered to be the "gold standard". Currently, there are three techniques for performing LB: percutaneous, transjugular and laparoscopic. The percutaneous LB can be performed blind, ultrasound (US) guided or US assisted. There are two main categories of specialists who perform LB: gastroenterologists (hepatologists) and radiologists, and the specialty of the individual who performs the LB determines if the LB is performed under ultrasound guidance or not. There are two types of biopsy needles used for LB: cutting needles (Tru-Cut, Vim-Silverman) and suction needles (Menghini, Klatzkin, Jamshidi). The rate of major complications after percutaneous LB ranges from 0.09% to 2.3%, but the echo-guided percutaneous liver biopsy is a safe method for the diagnosis of chronic diffuse hepatitis (cost-effective as compared to blind biopsy) and the rate of complications seems to be related to the experience of the physician and the type of the needle used (Menghini type needle seems to be safer). Maybe, in a few years we will use non-invasive markers of fibrosis, but at this time, most authorities in the field consider that the LB is useful and necessary for the evaluation of chronic hepatopathies, despite the fact that it is not a perfect test.
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PMID:Why, who and how should perform liver biopsy in chronic liver diseases. 1852 37

Infection with hepatitis viruses can lead to acute hepatitis with the risk of developing liver failure. Chronic viral hepatitis may evolve into liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, prevention of viral hepatitis and its sequels is essential. Vaccination against hepatitis A is successful in almost all individuals. Protective antibodies maintain for at least 20 years. Booster vaccinations are not necessary. Since the introduction of hepatitis A vaccines, the incidence of new HAV-infections has declined significantly. Hepatitis B vaccines are safe and highly effective. Special populations such as dialysis patients or immunocompromised patients require special vaccine schedules. New vaccines with improved adjuvants are currently being tested in clinical trials. So far there is no hepatitis C vaccine on the horizon. Prophylaxis of HCV-infections relies primarily on hygiene measures. Early therapy of acute hepatitis C can prevent chronic hepatitis C. HDV-infection can only be established if HBsAg is present. Thus, prevention of hepatitis B or elimination of HBsAg means prevention of hepatitis delta. Hepatitis E vaccines have been evaluated in phase III studies. The development of HEV vaccines becomes more relevant since chronic HEV infections have been reported in immunosuppressed individuals.
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PMID:[Prevention of virus hepatitis A to E]. 2134 May 33

Chronic viral hepatitis remains common in the hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplantation population although measures to limit spread of hepatitis infection in HD units have markedly reduced its prevalence. Our review focuses on the current management of hepatitis B and C infections in renal transplant candidates before and after renal transplantation.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis in renal transplantation. 2172 3

Chronic viral hepatitis depends on the inability of the T-cell immune response to eradicate antigen. This results in a sustained immune response accompanied by tissue injury and fibrogenesis. We have created a mouse model that reproduces these effects, based on the response of CD8(+) T cells to hepatocellular antigen delivered by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. Ten thousand antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells undergo slow expansion in the liver and can precipitate a subacute inflammatory hepatitis with stellate cell activation and fibrosis. Over time, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells show signs of exhaustion, including high expression of PD-1, and eventually both inflammation and fibrosis resolve. This model allows the investigation of both chronic liver immunopathology and its resolution.
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PMID:Ineffective CD8(+) T-cell immunity to adeno-associated virus can result in prolonged liver injury and fibrogenesis. 2192 69


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