Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatoblastoma usually occurs in children, but a few cases have also been reported in adults. We report the unusual case of hepatoblastoma in an 18-year-old adult with chronic hepatitis B. He visited a local hospital with right upper abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasound showed a large mass in the right lobe of his liver. He was referred to our hospital and admitted for further examination. At admission, liver function tests gave slightly elevated results (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 103 IU/l, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 63 IU/l). A test for hepatitis virus revealed that he was a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier and had experienced seroconversion. His alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was elevated to 1 548 000 IU/ml. Abdominal ultrasound showed a 109 x 96 x 80-mm mass with mosaic pattern in the right lobe of the liver and right portal vein thrombus. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a large low-density mass occupying the right lobe, with some high-density parts that showed calcification. From these results, we diagnosed hepatoblastoma in a young adult. A right lobectomy was performed. Pathological examination showed a highly differentiated hepatoblastoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed with cisplatin and pirarubicin. The patient has been well and free of recurrence for 12 months, and his AFP level remains almost normal.
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PMID:Successfully resected hepatoblastoma in a young adult with chronic hepatitis B: report of a case. 1150 68

Assembly of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in infected human hepatocytes involves association of the 1,679- nucleotide single-stranded genomic RNA (deltaRNA) with multiple copies of both small and large forms of the delta protein (deltaAg) to form a ribonucleoprotein particle which in turn interacts with envelope proteins of the natural helper virus, hepatitis B virus. Subsequently, for initiation of a new round of replication, the amount of small deltaAg within the assembled HDV particle is both necessary and sufficient. Quantitative assays were used in order to better understand just how much deltaAg is needed. The molar ratio of deltaAg species to genomic deltaRNA in assembled HDV particles was approximately 200. Next, this ratio was determined for cells under several different experimental situations in which HDV genome replication was occurring. These included replication in woodchuck liver and also in mouse liver and skeletal muscle, as well as replication in stably and transiently transfected cultured human hepatoblastoma cells. Surprisingly, in almost all these situations the molar ratios were comparable to that observed for HDV particles. This was true for different times after the initiation of replication and was independent of whether or not virus assembly was occurring. Cell fractionation combined with quantitative assays was used to test whether the majority of deltaAg and deltaRNA were colocalized during HDV replication in transfected cells. The cytoplasmic fraction contained the majority of deltaAg and genomic deltaRNA. Finally, the quality of deltaAg and deltaRNA, especially at relatively late times after the initiation of replication, was examined by using reverse transcription-PCR, cloning, and sequencing through the entire deltaAg open reading frame. When virus assembly and spread were not possible, 20% or less of the predicted deltaAg would have been able to support HDV replication. In summary, an examination of the quantity, quality and intracellular distribution of deltaAg and deltaRNA in several different experimental systems has provided a better understanding of the parameters associated with the initiation, maintenance, and ultimate decline of HDV genome replication.
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PMID:Parameters of human hepatitis delta virus genome replication: the quantity, quality, and intracellular distribution of viral proteins and RNA. 1190 10

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is effective therapy for end-stage liver disease but immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) leads to significant nephrotoxicity, resulting in either a reduction of dosage to below the therapeutic level or omission of the drug altogether. Basiliximab (Bx) is a human/mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody that inhibits binding of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to IL-2 receptors and thus prevents proliferation of T cells, which is the main step in the development of acute cellular rejection. The aim of this study was to identify the role of Bx in the prevention of acute cellular rejection and in the reduction of nephrotoxicity in children post-liver transplantation. We evaluated three children (19 months, 22 months, and 11 yr of age; one male, two female) who were treated with Bx post-OLT on compassionate grounds. The indications were: nephrotoxicity in two children, requiring re-transplantation for hepatic artery thrombosis and recurrent giant cell hepatitis, respectively; and nephrotoxicity secondary to chemotherapy for hepatoblastoma in the third child. All patients received 10 mg of Bx, at OLT and on Day 4. Tacrolimus (0.15 mg/kg/day) was started at 48 h (n = 2) and cyclosporin (5 mg/kg/day) at 2 weeks (n = 1). Trough levels of tacrolimus were maintained at 5-8 ng/mL and trough levels of cyclosporin at 100-150 mg/L for the first 3 months. All patients received methylprednisolone (2 mg/kg) with azathioprine (1.5 mg/kg) (n = 2) and/or mycophenolate mofetil (20 mg/kg) (n = 1). The glomerular filtration rate (cGFR) was calculated using the Schwartz formula before and 10 weeks after transplant. Bx was found to be easy to administer and no major side-effects were reported. One child had two episodes of mild acute rejection at 5 and 9 weeks post-OLT and one developed chronic rejection requiring re-transplantation at 9 weeks post-OLT. One child did not develop rejection. The mean pretransplant cGFR was 58.1 (54.6-64.1) mL/min/m2. Within 10 weeks of transplantation, the cGFR had improved by 69% to a mean of 116 (88-157.6) mL/min/m2. To conclude, Bx was well tolerated in all children and had a renal sparing effect. It was effective in preventing early acute rejection, but the combination of Bx and low-dose CNI drugs did not prevent late acute or chronic rejection. Further studies to evaluate the appropriate levels of CNI immunosuppression with Bx are required.
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PMID:Concomitant basiliximab with low-dose calcineurin inhibitors in children post-liver transplantation. 1210 May 5

Triethanolamine is widely used as an ingredient in emulsifiers, thickeners, wetting agents, detergents, and alkalinizing agents in cosmetic products; as a chemical intermediate for anionic and nonionic surfactants and surface active agents in household cleaning agents, textiles, herbicides, pharmaceutical ointments, and other products; as a vulcanization accelerator in the manufacture of rubber; and in many other industrial applications. The National Cancer Institute nominated triethanolamine for study because of its widespread use in cosmetics and other consumer products, its high potential for worker exposure due to its many industrial uses, and its potential for conversion to the carcinogen N -nitrosodiethanolamine. Dermal application was chosen as the route of exposure to mimic the principal means of human exposure to triethanolamine and because considerable systemic exposure is achieved with this route. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice received triethanol amine (purity 98% or greater) by dermal application for 13 weeks or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, Drosophila melano gaster, and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were topically administered 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg triethanolamine per kilogram body weight in acetone or 2,000 mg/kg neat triethanolamine, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks. All rats survived to the end of the study. Final mean body weights and weight gains of males and females administered 2,000 mg/kg and the mean body weight gain of females administered 1,000 mg/kg were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. Clinical observations included irritation, scaliness, and crustiness of the skin at the site of application for males and females. Males also had discoloration, and two males administered 2,000 mg/kg had ulceration at the site of application. Changes in clinical pathology parameters were minor and consistent with inflammation at the site of application. Kidney weights were generally greater in males and females administered 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg than in the vehicle controls. Microscopic lesions attributed to triethanolamine administration included acanthosis and inflammation at the site of application, nephropathy in females, and hypertrophy of the pituitary gland pars intermedia in males and females. These lesions generally occurred with dose-related increases in incidence and severity in males and females. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were topically administered 0, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg triethanolamine per kilogram body weight in acetone or 4,000 mg/kg neat triethanolamine, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks. All mice survived to the end of the study. The final mean body weight and weight gain of males in the 250 mg/kg group were less than those of the vehicle controls. Clinical findings were observed only in mice in the 4,000 mg/kg groups and included scaliness, irritation, and discoloration at the site of triethanolamine application for males and females and skin erosion at this site in one male. The absolute kidney and liver weights of males and females administered 4,000 mg/kg were greater than those of the vehicle controls; relative kidney weights of males administered 1,000 mg/kg or greater and females in all dosed groups were also greater than those of the vehicle controls. Microscopic examination of the skin of dosed mice indicated acanthosis and inflammation at the site of application. Acanthosis occurred in all dosed groups and in one vehicle control female; the severity increased with increasing dose in males and females. Inflammation was observed in males and females in the 4,000 mg/kg groups and in one female in the 2,000 mg/kg group. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Based on the presence of acanthosis and inflammation at the site of application at the higher doses in the 13-week study, triethanolamine doses selected for the 2-year study in rats were 32, 63, and 125 mg/kg for malesr males and 63, 125, and 250 mg/kg for females. Groups of 60 male and 60 female rats were topically administered triethanolamine in acetone 5 days per week for 103 weeks. Ten male and ten female rats from each group were evaluated at 15 months for organ weights and histopathology. Survival, Body Weights, Clinical Findings, and Organ Weights: The survival rate of females in the 250 mg/kg group was slightly less than that of the vehicle controls. The mean body weight of females administered 250 mg/kg ranged from 9% to 12% less than that of the vehicle controls between weeks 73 and 93. Male and female rats receiving triethanolamine had irritated skin at the site of application; in dosed females, the site of application also had a crusty appearance. The number of animals in which these findings were observed increased with increasing dose. At the 15-month interim evaluation, the absolute left and right kidney weights and relative right kidney weight of females administered 250 mg/kg were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. Pathology Findings: The incidence of acanthosis at the site of application in males administered 125 mg/kg and the incidences of acanthosis, inflammation, and ulceration in dosed females were greater than in the vehicle controls at the 15-month interim evaluation and at the end of the 2-year study. Males in the 125 mg/kg group also had greater incidences of inflammation and ulceration than the vehicle controls, and females receiving 125 or 250 mg/kg had greater incidences of epidermal erosion than the vehicle controls at 2 years. There were no skin neoplasms at or away from the site of application that were considered related to treatment with triethanolamine. At the end of the study, renal tubule adenomas were observed in seven dosed males and in one vehicle control female and one female in the 63 mg/kg group. One male in the 125 mg/kg group and one female in the 250 mg/kg group had renal tubule hyperplasia. Extended (step-section) evaluation of the kidneys of all male rats revealed additional renal tubule adenomas in one vehicle control male, one male in the 32 mg/kg group, two males in the 63 mg/kg group, and three males in the 125 mg/kg group (including one male from the 15-month interim evaluation). An oncocytoma was also identified in one male in the 32 mg/kg group. Hyperplasia was identified in eight additional vehicle control males and in 19 additional dosed males. The total incidences (combined standard and extended evaluations) of renal tubule adenoma in dosed male rats were slightly greater than the vehicle control incidence (vehicle control, 1/50; 32 mg/kg, 2/50; 63 mg/kg, 6/49; 125 mg/kg, 4/50). The total incidence of hyperplasia in dosed and vehicle control males was similar (9/50, 8/50, 7/49, 6/50). The severity of hyperplasia in males in the 32 and 125 mg/kg groups was greater than that in the vehicle controls. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Based on dose-related inflammation at the site of application in the 13-week study, triethanolamine doses selected for the 2-year study in mice were 200, 630, and 2,000 mg/kg for males and 100, 300, and 1,000 mg/kg for females. Groups of 60 male and 60 female mice were topically administered triethanolamine in acetone 5 days per week for 103 weeks. Ten male and ten female mice from each group were evaluated at 15 months for organ weights and histopathology. Survival, Body Weights, Clinical Findings, and Organ Weights: Survival rates of all dosed groups of males and females were similar to those of the vehicle controls. The mean body weight of males administered 2,000 mg/kg ranged from 8% to 10% less than that of the vehicle controls from week 69 through the end of the study. Clinical findings included irritation and discoloration of the skin at the site of application for most males in the 2,000 mg/kg group and a few females in the 1,000 mg/kg group; males administered 200 or 630 mg/kg also had skin irritation. At the 15-month interim evaluation, the right kidney weights of male mice that received 630 or 2,000 mg/kg and the left kidney weights of males that received 2,000 mg/kg were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. Pathology Findings: Acanthosis and inflammation of the skin were observed at the site of application in male and female mice at the 15-month interim evaluation and at the end of the 2-year study. In males in the 2,000 mg/kg group, the incidences of both lesions were significantly greater than those in the vehicle controls at both time points; however, the severities of acanthosis and inflammation did not increase with dose. At the end of the study, the incidence of inflammation in females in the 1,000 mg/kg group was significantly greater than that in the vehicle controls. One vehicle control male and two males in each of the 630 and 2,000 mg/kg groups had ulcers at the site of application. At the 15-month interim evaluation, hepatocellular carcinomas were observed in dosed and vehicle control males and hepatocellular adenomas in dosed and vehicle control males and females; however, the incidences were not dose related. Nonneoplastic lesions observed at 15 months included foci of cellular alteration in a few dosed males and females; eosinophilic foci were also observed in two vehicle control females. At the end of the 2-year study, females in the 1,000 mg/kg group had significantly greater incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and multiple adenomas and a greater combined incidence of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma than the vehicle controls (adenoma: vehicle control, 22/50; 100 mg/kg, 22/50; 300 mg/kg, 24/50; 1,000 mg/kg, 40/50; multiple adenomas: 11/50, 9/50, 13/50, 29/50; combined adenoma and carcinoma: 23/50, 26/50, 28/50, 41/50). Females in the 300 mg/kg group had significantly greater incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma (1/50, 4/50, 7/50, 5/50) and eosinophilic foci (9/50, 10/50, 18/50, 16/50) than the vehicle controls. Incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and multiple adenomas in males in the 2,000 mg/kg group were significantly greater than those in the vehicle controls (adenoma: vehicle control, 27/50; 200 mg/kg, 27/50; 630 mg/kg, 29/50; 2,000 mg/kg, 37/50; multiple adenomas: 17/50, 18/50, 17/50, 29/50). Three males in the 2,000 mg/kg group had hepatoblastomas, and males in this group also had significantly greater incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms (combined) (adenoma, carcinoma, and hepatoblastoma: 31/50, 34/50, 33/50, 42/50) and eosinophilic foci (10/50, 17/50, 11/50, 23/50) than the vehicle controls. Male mice had a pattern of nonneoplastic liver lesions along with silver-staining helical organisms within the liver which suggested an infection with Helicobacter hepaticus. With polymerase chain reaction-based assays and culture, the presence of an organism compatible with H. hepaticus was confirmed. An increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in male mice has been shown to be associated with H. hepaticus infection when hepatitis is also present. Therefore, interpretation of the increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in mice was confounded. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Triethanolamine was not mutagenic in any of the in vitro or in vivo short-term tests performed by the NTP. It did not induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium, and no induction of sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to triethanolamine was noted. These in vitro tests were conducted with and without S9 metabolic activation. Triethanolamine did not induce sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in germ cells of adult male Drosophila melanogaster exposed by feeding or injection. No increase in the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes was observed in peripheral blood samples of male and female mice that received dermal applications of triethanolamine for 13 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these dermal studies, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of triethanolamine in male F344/N rats based on a marginal increase in the incidence of renal tubule cell adenoma. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in female F344/N rats receiving 63, 125, or 250 mg triethanolamine per kilogram body weight. The study in male and female B6C3F1 mice was considered inadequate, because the presence of a Helicobacter hepaticus infection complicated inter pretation of the relationship between triethanolamine administration and liver neoplasms in these animals. Dosed rats and mice had varying degrees of acanthosis and inflammation, dosed rats had ulceration, and dosed female rats had epidermal erosion at the site of skin application. Synonyms: Nitrilo-2,2',2"-triethanol; 2,2',2"-nitrilotriethanol; 2,2',2"-nitrilotrisethanol; TEA; triaethanolamin-NG; triethanolamin; triethylolamine; tri(hydroxyethyl)amine; 2,2',2"-trihydroxytriethylamine; trihydroxytriethylamine; tris(hydroxyethyl)amine; tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; triethylolamine; trolamine Trade Names: Daltogen; Sterolamide; Thiofaco T-35
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Triethanolamine (CAS No. 102-71-6) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies). 1259 26

Birth weight is a popular topic, because it is precisely recorded, a major determinant of infant survival, associated with infant mortality, and health outcomes later in life. Low birth weight (LBW) is a predisposing factor for metabolic abnormalities such as atherosclerosis, renal disease, non-insulin diabetes mellitus, asthma, low IQ, hypertension, obesity, psychological distress. They have all been reported to be more common among those who were small at birth. Due to lack of studies suggesting a linkage between LBW and diseases of liver; evidences, which support the hypothesis on the creation of a link between LBW, an indicator of unfavourable intrauterine environment, and liver diseases emerging in the adult life, and possible direct associations of LBW with liver diseases, e.g., hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatoblastoma, or hepatocellular carcinoma were discussed. The associations between LBW and hepatitis vaccination as well as paediatric parental nutrition were also noted.
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PMID:Low birth weight: a possible risk factor also for liver diseases in adult life? 1367 7

From January 1990 to December 2000, 202 patients with clinical evidence of liver disease underwent fine needle aspiration cytology of the liver. Of these, 102 patients were diagnosed as non-neoplastic lesions. These include diffuse parenchymal disease of liver, liver abscess, hepatitis, and granulomas. There were 100 patients with malignancies of the liver. Out of the above, 64 were due to metastatic carcinoma, 31 were primary hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 hepatoblastoma and in 4 patients the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was made. By comparing with clinical and biochemical parameters, the diagnostic accuracy of the fine needle aspiration cytology, in this study, was found to be more accurate in malignant nodules of the liver as compared to other pathological lesion. The findings of fine needle aspiration cytology of the liver reported by other authors are discussed and it is concluded that this diagnostic method is a safe, useful and economic procedure with minimum complication and can be routinely done for assisting diagnosis of liver diseases in our clinical set up.
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PMID:Fine needle aspiration cytology of liver: a study of 202 cases. 1451 82

Expression profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma has demonstrated that glypican 3 (GPC3), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan anchored to the membrane, is expressed at a markedly elevated level in hepatocellular carcinoma. In this paper, two monoclonal antibodies against GPC3, GPC3-C02 and A1836A, were confirmed to specifically recognize GPC3 molecule in cells from hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma cell lines by immunoblotting, and both were confirmed to recognize different epitopes of the GPC3 molecule by epitope mapping. Then, we evaluated the feasibility of GPC3-immunohistochemistry in the pathological diagnosis of benign and malignant hepatocellular lesions by applying these monoclonal antibodies to formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens. The immunoreactivity turned out to be identical in the two monoclonal antibodies and was thus confirmed to represent the actual expression of the GPC3 molecule. The expression was observed in the fetal liver, but not in normal adult liver, liver cirrhosis or hepatitis except for a tiny focus of a regenerative nodule of fulminant hepatitis. Diffusely positive staining of GPC3 was observed in malignant hepatocytes in hepatoblastomas and in hepatocellular carcinomas (47/56, 84%). GPC3 expression was independent of the differentiation and size of the hepatocellular carcinoma. On the other hand, there was only weak and focal staining in low-grade (2/8) and high-grade dysplastic nodules (6/8). GPC3 immunoreactivity was detected in only one of 23 metastatic lesions of colorectal carcinoma, and its expression was entirely absent in the liver cell adenoma (0/7), carcinoid tumor (0/1), and cholangiocellular carcinoma (0/16). When compared with immunohistochemistry of hepatocyte antigen and alpha-fetoprotein, GPC3-immunohistochemistry was significantly much more specific and sensitive for hepatocellular carcinomas. Thus, GPC3 was confirmed to be one of the oncofetal proteins now attracting attention for their promise both as markers of hepatocellular carcinoma in routine histological examination and as targets in monoclonal antibody-based hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
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PMID:The glypican 3 oncofetal protein is a promising diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. 1592 May 46

We report our experience of pediatric liver transplantation with partial grafts from non-heart beating donors (NHBD). Controlled donors less than 40 years of age with a warm ischemia time (WI) of less than 30 min were considered for pediatric recipients. Death was declared 5 min after asystole. A super-rapid recovery technique with aortic and portal perfusion was utilized. Mean donor age was 29 years and WI 14.6 min (range 11-18). Seven children, mean age 4.9 years (0.7-11), median weight 20 kg (8.4-53) received NHBD segmental liver grafts. Diagnoses included seronegative hepatitis, neonatal sclerosing cholangitis, familial intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatoblastoma, primary hyperoxaluria and factor VII deficiency (n=2). The grafts included four reduced and one split left lateral segments, one left lobe and one right auxiliary graft. Mean cold ischemia was 7.3 h (6.2-8.8). Complications included one pleural effusion and one biliary collection drained percutaneously. At 20 months (10-36) follow-up all children are alive and well with functioning grafts. Donation after cardiac death is a significant source of liver grafts for adults and children with careful donor selection and short cold ischemic times.
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PMID:Segmental liver transplantation from non-heart beating donors--an early experience with implications for the future. 1661 38

This prospective study analyzes the clinical features and histopathological findings in liver biopsies of pediatric patients presenting to the hospital with liver disease during a 10 year period. Only those patients in whom liver biopsy was performed for a tissue diagnosis were included. Fifty patients were investigated, all below the age of 12 years, of whom 36 were male and 14 female. Thirty-two were of neonatal-infantile group, 11 had a diagnosis of neonatal giant cell he hepatitis of infections origin and an intact biliary tree. Two had septic shock and one had leishmaniasis. The remaining 18 patients of the neonatal-infantile group constituted five case of glycogen storage disease, six of infantile obstructive cholangiopathy (biliary atreasia), four of fatty change and one each of congenital hepatic fibrosis, neuroblastoma and nonspecific reactive hepatitis. The eighteen older children had the following diagnoses: thalassemia in five, sickle cell disease in four, two each of Reye syndrome and hepatoblastoma. The remaining were one each of glycogen storage disease, Rotor syndrome, cirrhosis, fatty change and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). These findings are presented and discussed.
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PMID:Pediatric liver disease in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: A clinicopathological study. 1758 93

A 13-yr-old boy developed post-transplant liver tumor. At three yrs of age, this patient underwent a histocompatible sibling donor BMT for severe aplastic anemia, after a conditioning with antithymocyte globulin and cyclophosphamide. He became a HBV carrier after BMT. Stable mixed chimerism and mild thrombocytopenia, but no active hepatitis continued. At age 13, abdominal pain was a sign of massive tumor. Extremely high levels of alpha-fetoprotein indicated the clinical diagnosis of hepatoblastoma that might be the first report as post-BMT malignancy. The necropsy specimens revealed that the tumor was recipient cell-origin and showed the histopathological features of both hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Prolonged mixed chimerism and hepatitis virus infection might induce a rare oncogenesis after non-irradiated conditioning.
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PMID:Malignant hepatic tumor occurring 10 yrs after a histocompatible sibling donor bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. 1797 34


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