Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of hepatitis B is increasing all over the world. The parenteral route of infection is one of the principal. A considerable number of cases are caused by infection of patients at therapeutic institutions, including dental clinics. Medical workers are at risk of the infection, too. One main cause is neglect of sanitary antiepidemic measures: manipulations without gloves, veils, protective eyeglasses; lack of disposable instruments, poor cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of hardware. Awareness and alertness of medical personnel is an important factor. Since dental care is a most prevalent kind of medical service, urgent measures are needed to decrease the risk of nosocomial infection with hepatitis for both patients and staff.
 ...
PMID:[The problem of hepatitis infection in dentistry]. 941 42

It is known that patients on chronic haemodialysis are frequently infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). It has recently been found that GB virus-C (GBV-C) and hepatitis G virus frequently coinfect patients with HCV. This study aimed at elucidating the clinical implications of GBV-C infection among haemodialysis patients who have and do not have HCV infection. GBV-C RNA was detected in sera of randomly selected 98 anti-HCV-positive and 85 -negative patients on dialysis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using two sets of amplification primers made from the reported sequences of the non-structural protein 3 and 5' untranslated regions. In these patients, liver function tests were carried out at regular intervals. There were six patients who were coinfected with HCV and GBV-C and three who had only GBV-C RNA. All had a history of past blood transfusion. The onset of mild hepatitis was identified in three HCV-negative patients; elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) following blood transfusion was very mild but recognizable, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was higher than ALT. In two of six coinfected patients, the onset of liver disease was recognized with a peak ALT of 72 and 90 IU/L, respectively. Two of these six were Amplicore (HCV-RNA) negative and asymptomatic, two had low-grade HCV viraemia and two moderate-grade HCV viraemia. Of the 98 anti-HCV-positive cases, 41 were thought to have had nosocomial infection of HCV or non-A, non-B virus; none of them had GBV-C. GBV-C RNA was negative in nine patients who had chronic non-A-E hepatitis. GBV-C infection was detected in 6.1% of anti-HCV-positive and in 3.5% of -negative dialysis patients. All had blood transfusion in the past, and there was no evidence of patient-to-patient spread of GBV-C in hospital. The liver disease was very mild and self-limited in GBV-C infection alone. The natural history of coinfected patients may be similar to that of those with chronic HCV infection, but the liver disease appears to be milder.
 ...
PMID:GB virus-C infection among chronic haemodialysis patients: clinical implications. 943 45

We experienced Hepatitis A, B, C and fulminant hepatitis due to Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in our hospital for the severely multi-disabled (SMD) who had both severe motor and intellectual disabilities, and some of whom might be further complicated by blindness and/or deafness. In this hospital, 100 SMDs are hospitalized. Case 1: The disabled, 25 year old male, was transmitted Hepatitis A from a nurse. Case 2: The disabled, 60 year old female carrier of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) who has been cared for more than 10 years. Case 3: The disabled, 46 year old male carrier of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (RNA type 3), has been cared for more than 4 years. Case 4: The disabled, 39 year old male, had a fever of 39 degrees C for 9 days and suddenly died. He was diagnosed as fulminant hepatitis due to HSV-1 by necropsy. The hospitals for SMD are characteristic in prevention of nosocomial infections; 1) The disabled infected is not aware of the fact that he or she is the source of infection and that the other disabled living with him or her are in risk of infection, because of their severe mental condition. 2) All of the disabled need complete or incomplete helps for activities of daily life (ADL), so that the disabled who is the carrier of some pathogen constantly gives risk of infection to staffs, including medical staffs (doctor, nurse and therapist), psychologist and helpers by bloody secretion from wounds, saliva, urine, feces as well as menstrual blood. 3) If a carrier of some pathogen is hospitalized, the staffs should serve under risk of infection involving blood-mediated infectious disease for many years, because SMDs are permitted lifelong stay in the hospitals for SMD, which also play a role of care house or institution, by public expense in Japan. In case of an outbreak of Hepatitis A, nosocomial infection ended in the original case (a nurse), another nurse and a case of the disabled by general treatment and care against communicable diseases of the digestive organs. In care of HBV and HCV carriers, an ordinary program to prevent nosocomial infection has been practiced in our hospital more strictly than in conventional hospital. HBV vaccine is injected to staffs caring the HB carriers who are negative on HBs antibody. Thus, during more than 10 years of care of HBV carrier and more than 4 years of care of HCV carrier, nosocomial infection has never been experienced clinically as well as serologically in our hospital. However, we have often been faced by difficulty to guarantee QOL (quality of life) of the carriers, because carrier states of HBV or HCV have been long-lasting and they have been occasionally and inevitably separated physically and/or psychologically in order to prevent nosocomial infection. In case 4, it was suspected that previously latently infected HSV-1 would be activated by another viral infection which had elicited fever for 9 days before death. The patient had neither history nor sign or symptom of immunodeficiency and had never been given drugs known as to be immunosuppressive as side effect.
 ...
PMID:[Characteristic situation on prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital for the severely multi-disabled--experiences in care and treatment of 4 kinds of viral hepatitis]. 948 86

Transmission of Hepatitis-B virus (HBV), Hepatitis-C virus (HCV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from medical personnel to patients has been observed by many authors. In Germany, however, neither this type of nosocomial infection nor preventive measures have been discussed to date. This review deals with 302 cases documented in national and international journals (HBV 289, HCV 6, HIV 7). Methods of prevention (especially in surgery) are discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Nosocomial hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV infections by infectious medial personnel]. 984 87

Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are important causes of mortality and morbidity in patients treated by haemodialysis (HD). Both are further promoted by the characteristic immunological dysfunction that develops in renal failure and interferes with the patient's ability to eliminate these viruses. The hepatotropic viruses A through G remain the causative agents in 60 to 80% of hepatitis. But, as far as HD is concerned, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the two most important organisms responsible for almost all the patients' morbidity. In HD, both patients as well as staff are at a high risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection. The prevalence of HBV in the dialysis population in India is reported to range between 3.4% and 42%. The acute course of the infection is often anicteric and peak transaminase concentration is significantly less than in patients with normal renal function. Up to 60% of dialysis patients with HBV infection develop chronic hepatitis with persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and infectivity. The risk of transmission of HBV infection due to blood from one patient to another is mostly because of inadequate precautions taken by the dialysis staff. Combined therapy with interferon (6-10 million units) three times a week and lamivudine (100-300 mg/day) would be more effective in controlling viral replication. The most important modality for prevention of HBV infection is induction of immunity by hepatitis B vaccination. Administration of 40 microg doses at months 0, 1, 2 and 6 is the most rapid immunogenic schedule. The prevalence of HCV in HD patients ranges from 6% in the United Kingdom to 60% in Poland and Eastern Europe, 8-36% in North America. HD patients in different parts of India exhibit high anti-HCV positivity (12.1%, 45.2%, 33.3% and 41.9%) in various studies. The incidence and prevalence of HCV infection among patients on dialysis in developed countries are steadily declining because of (i) reduction in post-transfusion HCV infection, (ii) infection control measures to prevent nosocomial infection. Among HD patients with HCV infection, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) levels are elevated in only 4 to 67% patients who are positive for anti-HCV, in only 12 to 31% patients with HCV RNA and only in one-third of those with biopsy proven hepatitis. Number of blood transfusion, duration of HD treatment, and mode of dialysis are important risk factors. Patient to patient transmission of HCV occurs in HD units by needle stick injury, breakdown in standard infection control practices, physical proximity to an infected patient, dialysis machines, dialysis membranes and HD ultrafiltrate and reprocessing of dialyser. The prevalence of HIV infection in dialysis populations varies according to different countries and geographic areas, 0% and 13% in 1990 and 1995 respectively. There was no evidence of transmission within the centre transmission, from patient to patient or patient to staff. Antiretroviral therapy is the corner-stone of the HIV infection in end stage renal disease (ESRD). Most commonly, zidovudine (AZT) has been used in these patients. Currently recommended dose of 200 mg three times a day is probably safe in these patients.
 ...
PMID:Hepatitis and HIV infection during haemodialysis. 1166 25

At present, in Japan, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by blood transfusion rarely happens. However, according to the national survey, outbreak of sporadic acute hepatitis B and C is reported every year and viral hepatitis induced by iatrogenic infection is also reported. We think that education and enlightenmen for measures of infection control for hepatitis virus in dentisal medical care are important. Therefore, we carried out a questionnaire survey about measures of an infection control including hepatitis B and C for 352 students of a certain faculty of dentistry and a dental hygienist school. 35.5% of the total students thought the defense of oneself against infection was more important than defense of cross infection. Furthermore, the prevalence of the student who thought to permit recycle of a disposer glove and a disposer cartridge of a local anesthesia was 13.1% (46/352), 14.8% (52/352), respectively. The prevalence of students who recognized that HCV and HBV were detected from not only blood but also body fluid such as saliva remained in 65.3%. Consequently, the reality that knowledge of hepatitis virus and understanding about sterilization and disinfection of instruments were low became clear. In conclusion, immediate making of the guideline that aimed at standardization of prevention of hospital infection in domestic dental treatment and education to introduce the curriculum with a high regard for risk management of infection for students of dentistry will be required. In addition, it is an important problem to spread thoughts of standard precautions for dentistry.
 ...
PMID:[Survey of hepatitis B and C in students of faculty of dentistry and dental hygienist school]. 1535 87

Hemodialysis patients are at an increased risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the prevalence of hepatitis viral infection and its genotype distribution among hemodialysis patients in Indonesia are unclear. In order to investigate these issues and the possibility of nosocomial transmission, 161 hemodialysis patients and 35 staff members at one of the hemodialysis unit in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were tested for serological and virological markers of both viruses. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 18 patients (11.2%) and in two staff members (5.7%). Anti-HCV was detected in 130 patients (80.7%) but not in any staff members. Occult HBV and HCV infection were detected in 21 (14.7%) and 4 (12.9%) patients, respectively. The overall prevalence rates of HBV and HCV infection among patients were 24.2% and 83.2%, respectively. HCV infection was independently associated with hemodialysis duration and the number of blood transfusions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 23 of 39 tested HBV strains (59%) were genotype B, 11 (28.2%) were genotype C, and 5 (12.8%) were genotype A. HCV genotype 1a was dominant (95%) among 100 tested HCV strains. Nosocomial transmission was suspected because the genotype distribution differed from that of the general population in Indonesia, and because the viral genomes of several strains were identical. These findings suggest that HBV and HCV infection is common among hemodialysis patients in Yogyakarta, and probably occurs through nosocomial infection. Implementation of strict infection-control programs is necessary in hemodialysis units in Indonesia.
 ...
PMID:Hepatitis B and C virus infection among hemodialysis patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Prevalence and molecular evidence for nosocomial transmission. 2391 29

Hepatitis C virus is responsible for the majority of persistent viral infections of the liver, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and/ or hepatocellular carcinoma. Two strategies are important to curtailing the rising prevalence of disease: efficient diagnosis of acute hepatitis and identification of the likely mode of transmission. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and epidemiological hallmarks of acute hepatitis C. During 2013-2015, 31 patients were hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute C hepatitis. According to epidemiological data, the primary mode of transmission is during medical procedures, responsible for 14 (45.16%) of cases, followed by injection drug use 3 (9.7%) of cases and sexual transmission - 2 (6.43%) of cases. However, in 12 (38.71%) of cases the infected individual was unable identify the likely source of infection. Given that nearly half of all cases arise from nosocomial infection, it is imperative that infection control practices be reviewed and resources provided to prepare a sterile environment for patients and health care providers.
 ...
PMID:EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CLINICALLY MANIFESTED ACUTE HEPATITIS C CASES IN GEORGIA. 2777 May 25


<< Previous 1 2