Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Severe, often fatal liver damage results from extreme overdosage with acetaminophen. In usual dosage, it is considered harmless. We describe three cases of toxic hepatitis associated with the chronic ingestion of excessive doses of acetaminophen. Each patient took approximately 5 to 8 g of acetaminophen per day during a period of several weeks. The transient elevations of serum hepatocellular enzyme concentrations and the histologic evidence of a toxic hepatitis suggest the liver damage was related to the use of acetaminophen. Alcohol abuse in one patient and negative nitrogen balance in another may have increased the susceptibility to acetaminophen toxicity. With the increasing popularity of acetaminophen for mild pain relief, hepatotoxicity from acute or chronic ingestion may be more common than previously recognized, especially in those patients with predisposing conditions.
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PMID:Chronic excessive acetaminophen use and liver damage. 90 Jun 73

Our purpose was to ascertain whether alcohol abuse is a risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in urban southern Africa blacks and, if so, to relate alcohol consumption to other possible risk factors such as persistent hepatitis-B-virus infection, smoking, male sex, in this subpopulation. A prospective, hospital-based, case-control format involving 101 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 101 controls was used. The mean age of the patients was 53.7 +/- 1.85 years and the male:female ratio 3.2:1. An increased risk was found, but only in urban men over the age of 40 years who habitually drank more than 80 g of ethanol daily. The risk remained after adjusting for chronic hepatitis-B infection, smoking, and sex (odds ratio 4.4, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 16.6; p = 0.003). Smoking proved not to be a risk factor, either alone or in concert with alcohol consumption. Hepatitis-B infection was confirmed as a major risk in younger men and in women, but in urban men over the age of 40 years alcohol abuse was a greater risk. Current hepatitis-B infection and alcohol abuse were additive risks.
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PMID:Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in urban southern African blacks. 131 67

Porphyria cutanea tarda in human beings is believed to be due to reduced hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity. However, extrinsic factors such as alcohol abuse and drug intake are required for clinical manifestation of the disease. In addition to typical cutaneous lesions, patients with porphyria cutanea tarda usually have chronic liver disease and moderate iron overload. Of 74 Italian patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, hepatitis C virus antibodies were detected in 76% by enzyme-linked immunoassay and in 82% by recombinant immunoblot assay. Viral genome, studied with nested polymerase chain reaction, was found in the sera of 49 subjects--47 positive and 2 indeterminate on recombinant immunoblot assay. Five percent of the patients were HBsAg-positive, and about 40% had had past hepatitis B contacts. Alcohol abuse was present in 38%. Liver biopsies performed in 42 patients showed chronic persistent hepatitis in 7 patients, chronic active hepatitis in 22 patients, fibrosis in three patients and cirrhosis in 10 patients. Hepatitis C virus antibody was detected in 100% of patients with chronic active hepatitis and in about 80% of all other groups. Alcohol abuse was more frequent in patients with cirrhosis (80%) than in the other groups. In Italian patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection was very high, comparable to that in non-A, non-B hepatitis and high-risk patient groups. Hepatitis C virus is probably the main pathogenetic factor of the liver disease of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus and porphyria cutanea tarda: evidence of a strong association. 753 99

The purpose of the study was evaluation of the usefulness of selected indices of humoral immune responsiveness in the differential diagnosis of post-alcoholic hepatocellular damage. The study was carried out in 105 patients: 10 patients with a history of alcohol abuse without clinical and biochemical evidence of hepatocellular damage, 2) patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 3) patients with post-inflammatory cirrhosis. The prognostic usefulness of the determinations of serum IgM, C3 and C4 complement components and circulating immune complexes in early diagnostic of alcoholic liver disease was demonstrated. It was noted also that increased serum IgA level may be a useful index differentiating of cirrhosis after hepatitis from alcoholic cirrhosis.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the assessment of selected indicators of humoral immunity in alcoholism-related pathology of the liver]. 144 22

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
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PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a recently characterised non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) agent, which appears to be important in both parenteral and sporadic NANBH. HCV infection has been associated with the development of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatoma. Groups of patients in the western Cape with chronic liver disease and hepatoma were screened for antibodies to HCV and the results were confirmed by standard neutralisation tests. Three of 19 patients with cirrhosis secondary to alcohol abuse or classic auto-immune chronic active hepatitis were considered to have antibodies to HCV at initial screening. All of these were false-positive results. Five of 20 patients with presumptive chronic NANBH were considered possibly to have antibodies to HCV. Only 1 patient with post-transfusional NANBH was confirmed to have specific HCV antibodies. Two of 30 patients with hepatoma had specific anti-HCV antibodies in contrast to 11 others with serum HBsAg positivity. One hundred blood transfusion donors and 25 antenatal patients were tested concurrently and shown to be negative for anti-HCV. Specific antibodies to HCV were present in very few patients with cirrhosis, presumptive NANBH and hepatoma tested in this local survey. False-positive reactions appeared to occur at a higher rate than true-positive results.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus antibodies in patients with liver disease. The western Cape experience. 165 34

Experimental and epidemiological studies of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): cirrhosis, male sex, oral contraceptives, alcohol, smoking, and aflatoxins, are evaluated, with meta-analysis for oral contraceptives, alcohol, and smoking. It is likely that an initiating event and one or more promoting events interact, probably with prolonged inflammation, necrosis and regeneration, to cause cancer in several types of cirrhosis. Over 90% of HCC patients have cirrhosis, usually from hepatitis B virus. The viral post-necrotic liver is often chronically dysplastic, but other types of cirrhosis are associated with HCC if they endure long enough. The proportion of men with HCC increases as hepatitis progressors to cirrhosis and then to HCC. Meta-analyses of 3 oral contraceptive studies resulted in a risk of 2.8 for 8 years of use, but 9.9 for 8 years. Population studies do not show any concentration of HCC in countries with high pill use, so the rarity of this cancer may have biased the results. Large epidemiologic studies are needed to refine risk estimates for oral contraceptives and HCC. Alcohol abuse of 80 g/day gives a risk of about 1.65 in pooled studies, compared to a risk of 1.1 for 80 g/day. Smoking gives a risk of 1.9, but there is no evidence for a secular trend by country in proportion to dose, as is evident for lung cancer. There is good experimental evidence that aflatoxin acts as an initiator for liver cancer, but there is not practical way to judge exposure for clinical studies.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma: risk factors other than HBV. 166 Mar 33

The course and outcome of acute type B hepatitis was analyzed in 30 heavy alcohol abusers. The course of the disease was very similar to that found among non-drinkers, the only difference being higher mean GGT activity and a higher frequency of hepatomegaly among alcoholics. All alcohol abusers cleared the infection in the space of 6 months. However, 2 months after admission, they were twice as likely to be HBsAg positive as controls. We conclude that alcohol abuse has little influence on the course and outcome of acute type B hepatitis.
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PMID:Course and outcome of acute type B hepatitis in heavy alcohol abusers. 179 3

The study was designed to determine the prevalence of alcoholism/problem drinking among emergency medical admissions. Of 203 emergency admissions to two medical wards, 18% were found to be problem drinkers, using the brief Michigan alcoholic screening test (MAST) questionnaire. Problem drinking was found in 31% of males and 5% of females. Most drinking was done with friends (77%) and at the "rum shop" (62%). Fifty-one per cent of problem drinkers started between the ages of sixteen and twenty years. Seventy per cent of all problem drinkers had a first degree family relative who drank compared to 28% of non-drinkers. A high prevalence of alcoholism (48%) was found among smokers. Housestaff detected just over half of male (56%) and female (60%) alcoholics who were MAST-positive. Medical diagnoses among MAST-positive patients were gastrointestinal (cirrhosis, pancreatitis and hepatitis) in 32%, neurological (delirium tremens, seizures and subdural hematoma) in 27% and cardiovascular (cardiomyopathy, heart failure and dysrhythmias) in 16%. The detected level of problem drinking is likely to cause significant morbidity, and allows an important opportunity for intervention. The use of questionnaire methods to screen for alcoholism needs further evaluation in the region.
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PMID:Questionnaire detection of problem drinkers among acute medical admissions. 189 23

The prevalence of cholelithiasis (gallstones or previous cholecystectomy) was evaluated in a series of 500 cirrhotic patients from Northern Italy (329 males and 171 females, mean age 58 +/- 11 (SD) yr and 61 +/- 10 yr, respectively). Cirrhosis was related to chronic alcohol abuse in 180 cases, non-A non-B (NANB) hepatitis in 160, hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 94 (including 38 with concomitant alcohol abuse), idiopathic hemochromatosis in 44, and miscellaneous causes in the remaining 22 (including 15 with primary biliary cirrhosis). One hundred and sixteen patients (23.2%) had gallstones, and 31 others (6.2%) had previously undergone cholecystectomy, with an overall prevalence of cholelithiasis of 29.4%. The frequency was similar in both sexes (91/329 males, 27.7% vs. 56/171 females, 32.7%; p = NS), showed a slight increase with age, and differed significantly according to etiology (p less than 0.05), with the highest prevalence in the miscellaneous group and the alcoholics (36.4% and 33.3%, respectively). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of cholelithiasis according to Child's A, B, or C class.
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PMID:Cholelithiasis in cirrhosis: analysis of 500 cases. 842 Feb 66


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