Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects IgM and IgG to hepatitis E virus (HEV) was used to study seroepidemiology in 40 healthy subjects and 227 consecutive patients with liver diseases in an endemic area. Fifty-two of the liver diseases patients (22.9 percent) had acute hepatitis E. In contrast, none of the 40 healthy subjects were positive for IgM anti-HEV, validating the ELISA assay. Twenty-three of 25 (92%) patients with epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis were confirmed as having acute hepatitis E. Only 1 of the 10 patients with sporadic, fulminant hepatic failure of non-A, non-B, non-C etiology was positive for IgM anti-HEV. Five (31.2%) of the 16 patients with acute hepatitis in HBsAg carriers were positive for IgM anti-HEV. One patient with acute hepatitis B was coinfected with acute hepatitis E. Acute hepatitis was a disease of the adult population, with peak attack rates in the second and third decades of life. This disease was seen in only 4 (16%) of the 25 patients with acute viral hepatitis occurring below 14 years of age. Cholestasis was predominant in 25% of patients, enzyme elevation was monophasic, and all patients had clinical and biochemical recovery from the disease. The data suggest that the majority of patients with acute sporadic non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis in India have hepatitis E. However, fulminant hepatic failure to sporadic nature is rarely from hepatitis E.
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PMID:Spectrum of hepatitis E virus infection in India. 793 Nov 90

Virtually full protection against hepatitis E and partial or complete protection against infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) were achieved in passively or actively immunized cynomolgus monkeys. Hepatitis, viremia, and shedding of the virus in feces were detected in all nonimmunized animals that were challenged with HEV. HEV titers detected by reverse transcriptase PCR were higher in feces than in serum of nonimmunized animals. Anti-HEV antibody titers at the time of challenge ranged between 1:40 and 1:200 in animals passively immunized with convalescent plasma from a cynomolgus monkey previously infected with HEV and between 1:100 and 1:10,000 in animals actively immunized with a recombinant 55-kDa open reading frame 2 protein. The estimated 50% protective titer of passively acquired anti-HEV antibodies was 1:40. Although only one of four passively immunized animals showed histopathologic evidence of hepatitis, all four were infected after challenge; however, the titers of HEV in serum and feces were lower in the passively immunized animals than in the nonimmunized group. The actively immunized animals developed neither hepatitis nor viremia when challenged with HEV and virus was either not detected or was present in low titer in feces. The protective response was a function of the ELISA anti-HEV antibody titer at the time of challenge and the immunization schedule.
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PMID:Successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis E. 793 61

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a newly identified and molecularly characterized RNA virus. HEV has a worldwide distribution. Large epidemics were observed on the Indian subcontinent, in Central and in Southeast Asia. The enterically transmitted HEV infection also occurs in sporadic form. Only few cases of HEV infection with clinically apparent hepatitis were diagnosed in Western Europe and in the USA. HEV infection causes symptoms of a self-limiting, acute, icteric disease similar to those of hepatitis A. Severe and fulminant courses occur more often than with HAV infection. Chronic liver disease or persistent viremia have not been observed. Diagnosis of HEV infection is based on the detection of anti-HEV-antibodies.
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PMID:[Hepatitis E--epidemiology and clinical aspects]. 793 56

Viral causes of acute or chronic hepatitis are the hepatitis A virus [HAV], the hepatitis B virus [HBV], the hepatitis C virus [HCV], the hepatitis delta virus [HDV], and the hepatitis E virus [HEV]. These viruses haven been characterized in great detail and can be detected by specific and sensitive serological or molecular assays. While HAV and HEV cause only acute hepatitis, infection with HBV, HCV or HDV frequently takes a chronic course. With time chronic viral hepatitis can progress to liver cirrhosis and its clinical sequelae as well as to hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]. Apart from prophylactic measures aimed at the prevention of these viral infections, for those chronically infected natural or recombinant alpha-interferon may be a therapeutic option with the potential to prevent the development of liver cirrhosis and HCC.
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PMID:[Viral hepatitis A to E--diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy]. 794 Apr 9

It has been described that viral hepatitis is the most frequent cause of jaundice in the pregnant women. In this article we present clinical cases of hepatitis in pregnancy and review the new knowledge about the perinatal repercussion of this association. Hepatitis A is rare in pregnant women and has not a significant perinatal risk. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be transmitted from mother to child by transplacental way or at born. Between 40 to 80 per cent of the children infected by this route will develop chronic hepatitis, so the infants of HBsAg carrier mothers must be immunized at birth. The perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus has been proved but the repercussion in the fetus or newborn is unknown. Hepatitis D virus can only be transmitted from mother to child together with HBV. Hepatitis E has been associated with a mortality from 10 to 40 per cent in pregnant women and with an increase in the preterm pregnancy.
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PMID:[Course of pregnancies complicated by viral hepatitis]. 795 47

With the introduction of new, albeit noncommercial, diagnostic tests for the detection of HEV, our understanding of this virus has been greatly enhanced. With these tests, it has been possible to begin a delineation of the process of pathogenesis in infected humans. These tests have also shown us that, at least in some individuals, an IgG response to HEV is long lasting and may confer immunity, and it may be possible to develop a recombinant vaccine against HEV. Contrary to past results, HEV appears to be the most common cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in pediatric populations in endemic regions. HEV has been shown to be a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that has been tentatively classified as a calicivirus, although its nonstructural proteins exhibit sequence similarity to rubella virus and furoviruses. Despite these advances in our understanding of HEV, it is still necessary to depend on exclusion of hepatitis caused by other viruses to diagnose a hepatitis E infection; however, this situation should change with the anticipated release of commercially available diagnostic tests.
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PMID:Hepatitis E. 798 94

Lambs were experimentally infected with a pool of 10% hepatitis E (HE) patient fecal suspension containing HE virus (HEV) isolates Osh-225 and Osh-228 which caused an infection closely resembling experimental HE in primates. Clinical manifestations consisted of acute biochemical and histological hepatitis, virus shedding in feces, the presence of virus-like particles in the peripharyngeal lymph nodes and the contents of small intestine, of HEV RNA in the parenchymal organs of lambs. Susceptibility of lambs to HEV derived from the infected piglets and the possibility of passaging the piglets' HEV in lambs was demonstrated. This passaging led to shortening of the incubation period.
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PMID:[An experimental infection in lambs by the hepatitis E virus]. 799 95

Fulminant hepatic failure resulting from hepatitis E and coexistent Wilson's disease was diagnosed in a six year old girl six weeks after returning from a holiday in India. Wilson's disease was diagnosed on the basis of histological evidence of hepatocellular copper deposition, confirmed by biochemical estimation of liver copper concentration. Although severely damaged, the liver was non-cirrhotic. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was diagnosed by nested polymerase chain reaction, the specificity of which was confirmed by direct sequencing of amplified DNA. Replication of HEV within the liver at the time of diagnosis was confirmed by selective amplification of the antigenomic strand of the virus obtained from total liver RNA. The patient had an orthotopic liver transplantation without recurrence of hepatitis and remains well at 19 months. Viral excretion, recorded by serial amplification of HEV RNA extracted from stool samples, persisted for 30 days after liver grafting. Severe vitiligo, present preoperatively, dramatically improved after liver grafting and institution of immunosuppressive treatment. This case suggests that viral infection may play a part in the acute decompensation seen in some cases of Wilson's disease.
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PMID:Fulminant hepatic failure resulting from coexistent Wilson's disease and hepatitis E. 802 Aug 19

During normal pregnancy, serum transaminase levels remain within normal limits. An elevated level observed in a pregnant woman always signals a disease process, most often of hepatic origin, but in certain cases, of muscular origin. During the last three months of pregnancy and in the immediate post partum period a large number of liver diseases can cause elevated transaminase levels, depending upon the clinical presentation. In everyday practice, a complete liver battery together with specialized consultation is required for all pregnant women with raised transaminase levels. Toxaemia gravis may be evident in patients with severely raised blood pressure, especially if seizures occur. Epigastric or subcostal pain should suggest hepatic involvement. Hypertension may however be absent and epigastric or left shoulder pain may be the only clinical signs. Acute liver steatosis is 20 to 50 times more rare than toxaemia and may cause nausea and vomiting. Certain non-specific signs such as asthenia, anorexia, polyalgia, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and fever, together with pruritus should suggest acute hepatitis. A 25-fold increase in transaminase level is commonly encountered. The risk of fulminating hepatitis is less than 1/1000 but should always be entertained. All drugs should be stopped and careful research for recent xenobiotic contamination (drugs, infusions, alphamethyldopa, etc.) should be undertaken. Viral hepatitis requires serovaccination of the newborn at birth. Herpetic hepatitis is rare but requires rapid diagnosis (liver biopsy) and treatment with acyclovir in addition to cesarean section and treatment of the newborn at birth. Rare cases of hepatitis E may occur after a stay in North Africa, the Middle-East, Southeast Asia or Mexico. Chronic cases with or without temporary pruritus suggest infectious hepatitis B or C although, in chronic hepatitis C, serum transaminase levels often return to normal during pregnancy. Rare cases of asymptomatic elevations of serum transaminase levels can reveal subclinical chronic hepatitis.
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PMID:[Significance of elevated transaminase levels at the end of pregnancy]. 802 21

Four synthetic peptides were used to develop an ELISA for detecting hepatitis type E infections. Antibodies to HEV were detected in 54 of 64 patients present during two outbreaks previously recognized as being due to hepatitis E virus. Those patients included French soldiers stationed in Chad at the time, and Algerian civilians residing in Algeria and considered as positive controls. Anti-HEV were also detected in 3 out of 74 cases of sporadic non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis in France, and in 2 out of 150 anti-HAV-IgM-positive sporadic cases, also in France, but in none of 278 healthy adults from the general French population. Among a total of 34 anti-HEV-positive cases in French subjects, 32 were shown to be associated with travel outside of western Europe; in two cases, however, HEV transmission appeared to have taken place in Europe. Using this ELISA, a rapid drop in anti-HEV antibodies to undetectable levels following the acute phase of the disease was observed in a high proportion of the infected subjects. Thus, the present test would appear to be more suitable for diagnostic purposes than for epidemiological investigations.
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PMID:Hepatitis type E in a French population: detection of anti-HEV by a synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 802 16


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