Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Newly developed assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) were used to study 114 serum samples collected during an outbreak of enterically transmitted hepatitis that occurred in Kashmir in 1978/9. The sera included samples from patients with viral hepatitis, anicteric hepatitis, contacts of cases, and unaffected persons. A total of 71% of patients with viral hepatitis were found positive for anti-HEV specific IgG, and 75% of these were also positive for IgM. These data confirm the hepatitis E virus as the causative agent in this outbreak.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus: the cause of a waterbourne hepatitis outbreak. 161 98

Non-A, Non-B hepatitis and their sequelae seem to be as frequent as HBV infections in Morocco. These diseases represent an important problem of public health because their high incidence and high fatal rate. Some aspects of the epidemiology of Non-A, Non B acute hepatitis were evoking a high incidence of enterically transmitted hepatitis E. That was confirmed by serum studies having shown that hepatitis E antibodies were detected in more than 60% of patients with acute Non-A, Non-B hepatitis. However this type of hepatitis has been recognized only as sporadic (non-epidemic), mainly transmitted by personal contacts in low hygiene conditions. Other Non-A, Non-B acute hepatitis (around 35%) were certainly due to hepatitis C virus infection, because the presence of hepatitis C antibodies in the serum of the patients. However, in our study, hepatitis C seemed to be rarely transmitted by transfusion or other blood related route. Chronic liver diseases related to Non-A, Non-B virus infection appeared to be as frequent as the ones due to hepatitis B virus. Serological studies had shown that about seventy-four per cent of the studied cases were related to an infection by hepatitis C virus (presence of hepatitis C antibodies). Among other Non-A, Non-B chronic liver diseases the possible existence of some cases due to hepatitis E virus infection cannot be ruled out but this hypothesis needs further investigations to be verified. The prevalence of the markers of past hepatitis B infection in convalescent patients from Non-A, Non-B hepatitis is comparable to the prevalence of hepatitis B infection markers in blood donors. However, chronic HBV infection could be a factor facilitating the clinical expression of the Non-A, Non-B hepatitis.
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PMID:[High incidence of sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Morocco: epidemiologic study]. 165 98

Persistence of viral post-transfusion hepatitis together with epidemiological data led to identify 3 forms of clinical non A non B hepatitis: enteric, post-transfusional and sporadic hepatitis. Two groups of viruses are responsible for this pathology; they are designated as HEV (Hepatitis E Virus) and HCV (Hepatitis C Virus). HEV described by D. Bradley is a 27 to 34 nm. non enveloped particle containing a single strand RNA and belonging to the calicivividae family. HCV described by M. Houghton is a 50 to 60 nm. enveloped virus containing a 10,000 nucleotide long single strand RNA who belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The serological diagnosis is based on the detection of antibodies against the C100-3 antigen, a 363 amino acid recombinant protein produced in yeasts. Reactive samples are to be confirmed for antibodies specificity by using a neutralization assay in the presence of the same antigenic material. Alternatively, it is also possible to identify some sequences of viral genome in the serum, after amplification by the technic of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
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PMID:[The virus of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Serological diagnosis]. 166 69

Stool samples from patients affected during a large epidemic of hepatitis in north India were examined for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. 6 of 10 samples studied were positive for the HEV genome, which suggest that HEV caused this large epidemic.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus genome in stools of hepatitis patients during large epidemic in north India. 168 Nov 63

Large epidemic outbreaks of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B viral hepatitis (ET-NANBH) have been documented in developing countries. A molecular clone derived from the causative agent, the hepatitis E virus (HEV), has recently been described (G.R. Reyes, M.A. Purdy, J.P. Kim, K.-C. Luk, L.M. Young, K.E. Fry, and D. Bradley, Science 247:1335-1339, 1990). We now report the isolation, by serologic screening, of two cDNA clones derived from a fecal sample collected during a 1986 outbreak of ET-NANBH in Telixtac, Mexico. The cDNA clones encode epitopes that specifically reacted with acute- and convalescent-phase sera collected during five different ET-NANBH epidemics and represent the initial cloning of the Mexico strain of HEV. Recombinant fusion proteins expressed from these clones were also recognized by antibodies from cynomolgus macaques experimentally infected with HEV. The cDNA clones were shown to be derived from HEV by their specific hybridization to the previously recognized full-length genomic RNA transcript of approximately 7.5 kb. In addition, however, subgenomic polyadenylated transcripts of approximately 2.0 and approximately 3.7 kb were also identified in HEV-infected cynomolgus monkey liver. Sequences homologous to the epitope clones were isolated from the Burma strain of the virus, and these demonstrated reactivity comparable to that seen with the Mexico strain epitopes. When compared with the available full-length sequence of the Burma strain of HEV, it was discovered that the cDNA clones were encoded in different open reading frames (ORFs). The comparison between Mexico and Burma HEV strains indicated amino acid homologies of 90.5 and 73.5% for these epitope-encoding clones derived from ORF2 and ORF3, respectively. The identification of these clones not only has provided insight into the expression strategy of HEV but has also resulted in a source of recombinant protein useful in the diagnosis of HEV-induced hepatitis.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus: identification of type-common epitopes. 171 9

A strain of hepatitis E virus (SAR-55) implicated in an epidemic of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, now called hepatitis E, was characterized extensively. Six cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were infected with a strain of hepatitis E virus from Pakistan. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the pattern of virus shedding in feces, bile, and serum relative to hepatitis and induction of specific antibodies. Virtually the entire genome of SAR-55 (7195 nucleotides) was sequenced. Comparison of the sequence of SAR-55 with that of a Burmese strain revealed a high level of homology except for one region encoding 100 amino acids of a putative nonstructural polyprotein. Identification of this region as hypervariable was obtained by partial sequencing of a third isolate of hepatitis E virus from Kirgizia.
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PMID:Characterization of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus. 173 27

Five major types of viral hepatitis have been identified. Hepatitis A is an acute, usually self-limited illness. Prophylaxis with immune globulin (Gamastan, Gammar) is effective in household and sexual contacts of infected patients. Hepatitis B has both acute and chronic forms. Treatment trials for chronic hepatitis B with interferon alfa-2b have shown promise. Hepatitis C is the name now given to non-A non-B hepatitis. Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) has been approved for treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis D occurs only in patients with hepatitis B. The only treatment for hepatitis D is prevention of hepatitis B. Hepatitis E is seen after natural disasters in developing regions of the world. Further advances in serologic testing and treatment of viral hepatitis can be expected.
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PMID:Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Update on testing and treatment. 174 56

The strategy for molecular cloning of hepatitis E virus (HEV), the major etiologic agent of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, is briefly described. The organization of the HEV genome is discussed and compared to those of two other vertebrate viruses that contain single-stranded, positive-sense, polyadenylated RNA genomes with three overlapping ORFs. Serologic cross-reactivity of expressed proteins and genetic divergence of HEV isolates are also described within the context of sequence variation, type-common epitopes, and type-specific epitopes.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus genome. Molecular features, expression of immunoreactive proteins and sequence divergence. 182 9

The etiologic agent responsible for epidemics of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis has been molecularly characterized as the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The cloning of a portion of the Burma strain of HEV (HEV(B); 'Old World' strain) has been described together with the isolation of a contiguous overlapping set of cDNA clones representing the entire viral genome. Our studies have led to a model for the genomic organization of this positive strand, polyadenylated, RNA virus. Molecular clones encompassing the entire genome were also isolated from a cDNA library made from the Mexico strain of HEV (HEV(M); 'New World' strain). The translated nucleotide sequence of the Mexico isolate confirmed the genomic organization as first interpreted for HEV(B). This refers to the utilization of at least three different discontinuous open reading frames for protein expression and their apparent organization into 5' nonstructural and 3' structural gene regions. The comparison of the two strains identified a localized area of divergent nucleic and amino acid sequence that was previously reported in the region encoding the nonstructural gene(s) (ORF1). The HEV expression strategy involves at least two subgenomic poly-A transcripts that are co-terminal with the 3' end of the virus. Cross-reactive (type-common) epitopes are shared between the two divergent strains. It will be important to determine in future studies if any correlation exist between the viral pathobiology in animals or humans and the primary sequence of the virus.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus. Comparison of 'New and Old World' isolates. 182 10

A retrospective epidemiologic analysis of cases diagnosed as hepatitis A (HA) has been made in territories characterized by high intensity (4 towns in Central Asia) and low intensity (Novomoskovsk, Tula Province) of the epidemic process development. Morbidity structures for different age and social groups of the population, as well as the morbidity time course, both annual and over many years, were analyzed over 1973-1986. Specific features in the development of the epidemic process in HA and hepatitis E (HE), formerly called hepatitis non-A, non-B with the fecal/oral mechanism of the infection transmission, were studied. Twelve epidemiological differential diagnostic signs of these two infections were formulated, classified, and validated. Contribution of centralized water supply and sewage systems to the development of HE epidemic process and the regulating role of infectious immunological mechanisms in the development of HA epidemic process were demonstrated.
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PMID:[The epidemiological differential diagnostic signs of viral hepatitis A and viral hepatitis E]. 183 33


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