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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seventy-three pediatric patients with acute hepatitis and 19 control patients without liver disease living in Cairo, Egypt, were evaluated with a newly developed Western blot assay for IgM antibody to hepatitis E virus (IgM anti-HEV). The mean age of acute hepatitis patients was 6.4 years (range, 1-13 years); 56% were male. Among the 73 acute cases, hepatitis A was diagnosed in 30 (41%), possible acute hepatitis B in three (4%), hepatitis E in nine (12%), and by exclusion, non-A, non-B hepatitis in 29 (40%). Two additional acute cases were positive for both IgM anti-HAV and IgM anti-HEV. None of the 19 control subjects had IgM anti-HEV. Parenteral risk factors were associated with cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis but were not associated with acute hepatitis E. Contact with a family member with jaundice was associated with acute hepatitis A. In contrast to prior epidemics of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, HEV was found to be a common cause of acute hepatitis in a pediatric population. This study provides additional evidence that HEV may be a frequent cause of acute sporadic hepatitis among children living in some developing countries.
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PMID:Acute sporadic hepatitis E in children living in Cairo, Egypt. 140 26

At serological testing of 269 blood samples from patients sent in for hepatitis diagnostics and of 275 randomly selected samples from blood donors from all over the Netherlands, eight and five samples, respectively, were found to contain a positive antibody titre against hepatitis E virus (HEV). Follow-up samples could be obtained from three patients: in one patient the anti-HEV IgG titre remained unchanged over a period of 6 months, in one other the titre fell below the limit of detection and in the third, the titre increased in a period of 2 weeks. This patient had developed jaundice after a stay in Bangladesh. It is possible that in some patients, hepatitis E is mistaken for hepatitis A.
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PMID:[Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in The Netherlands]. 143 87

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major causative agent of hepatitis E or what was formerly known as enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. The disease has a worldwide distribution but occurs principally in developing countries in any of three forms: large epidemics, smaller outbreaks, or sporadic infections. Genetic variation of different HEV strains was previously noted and it will be important to determine the extent to which this variation may pose problems in the diagnosis and treatment of HEV infection. To analyze differences at the genetic level between HEV(Mexico; M) and the previously characterized HEV(Burma; B) and HEV(Pakistan; P) isolates, overlapping cDNAs were cloned from samples obtained from an infected human and an experimentally inoculated cynomolgus macaque. These cDNA clones, representing the nearly complete (7185-bp) genome of HEV(M), confirmed an expression strategy for the virus that involves the use of 3 forward open reading frames (ORFs). The HEV(M) strain has an overall 76 and 77% nucleic acid identity with the HEV(B) strain and HEV(P) strain, respectively; however, the degree of sequence variation was not uniform throughout the viral genome. A hypervariable region was identified in ORF1 that exhibited a 58 and 54% nucleic acid sequence and 13% amino acid similarity with the Burma strain and the Pakistan strain, respectively. A large number of the nucleotide differences occurred at the third codon position, with the deduced amino acid sequences similarity of 83, 93, and 87% between HEV(M) and HEV(B) isolates in ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3, respectively, and with 84, 93, and 87% amino acid identities between HEV(M) and HEV(P) isolates in ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3, respectively. The nucleotide sequences derived from the highly conserved regions of HEV genome will be useful in developing polymerase chain reaction-based tests to confirm the viral infection. Knowledge of the extent of the sequence variation encountered with HEV will not only aid in the future development of diagnostic and vaccine reagents but also further our understanding of how HEV strain variation might impact the pathological outcome of infection.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and sequencing of the Mexico isolate of hepatitis E virus (HEV). 144 13

Five viruses are responsible for the vast majority of cases of viral related hepatitis. They have been named hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV). The more recent literature concerning the viral structure, the epidemiology, the serological identification, the clinical course and the prevention of each type of hepatitis is reviewed. HBV is not directly cytopathic. Hepatitis is a consequence of the destruction of the virus-infected cells. The efficient elimination of the virus relies on the viral antigenic determinants (HBs, pre-S1, pre-S2, HBc, HBe) and on the immune system of the host. The viral persistence may be caused by defect of the host immunity (interferon production, T and B lymphocyte function) or by factors related to the virus such as a genome mutation (lack of HBe formation). Some evidence suggesting an immunopathogenetic mechanism also for HCV, HDV and HAV is reported.
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PMID:Nosography and immunopathogenesis of viral hepatitis. 150 25

Owl and cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) to compare disease models and produce antibody and virus. By immune electron microscopy (IEM), all six owl monkeys were shown to have serologic responses manifested by unusually high levels of anti-HEV at 6 months, but only three developed hepatitis. Virus-related antigen in liver (HEV Ag) was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy of biopsies from two of four owl monkeys; one with HEV Ag also had HEV in acute-phase bile (detected by IEM) and feces (detected by infecting another owl monkey). In contrast, cynomolgus monkeys propagated HEV to higher levels and all five had hepatitis. Moderate-to-high levels of HEV Ag correlated with detectable HEV in bile for both species. Thus, the value of using HEV-infected cynomolgus was confirmed. Owl monkeys were shown to be HEV-susceptible and sources of high-level anti-HEV; Sustained anti-HEV in these monkeys may also be useful for understanding immune responses.
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PMID:Infection of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with hepatitis E virus from Mexico. 156 34

One hundred and ten consecutive cases of acute sporadic hepatitis among Ethiopian patients were studied to define viral causes, identify risk factors, and analyze demographic and clinical data. IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus were found in nine patients (8%), and hepatitis B surface antigen and IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen were found in 22 (20%); these findings were considered evidence of acute hepatitis A and hepatitis B, respectively. Sera from the remaining 79 patients were tested for antibodies to hepatitis E virus by a blocking fluorescent antibody test. Thirty-six (33%) of these patients were seropositive, as compared to 4 (7%) of 59 healthy control subjects; for 43 patients (39%), the cause of the acute sporadic hepatitis was unidentified. Twenty-one (19%) of the patients had antibodies to hepatitis C virus, as determined by ELISA. Demographic, biochemical, and clinical data (except in regard to sequelae) were comparable for the different types of infections. The study subjects included 32 pregnant women, 19 (59%) of whom had hepatitis E virus infection; these infections caused death in eight of the women (mostly in the third trimester) and 10 fetal complications. Thus, hepatitis E virus is a common cause of acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopian patients, and its occurrence during pregnancy is associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. 157 96

A newly developed Western blot assay for antibody to hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) was used to evaluate 39 cases of acute pediatric hepatitis and 39 control patients in Khartoum, Sudan. The mean age of cases was 6.5 years (range, 2-14); 64% were male. Acute hepatitis A (IgM anti-HAV-positive) was diagnosed in 13 cases, acute hepatitis B (IgM anti-HBc-positive) in 1, and acute hepatitis E (positive for IgM anti-HEV) in 23 (59%). None of the cases with IgM anti-HAV or IgM anti-HBc had IgM anti-HEV; 3 controls had IgM anti-HEV. Acute hepatitis E was associated with recent contact with a family member or acquaintance with jaundice and the presence of indoor plumbing. The newly developed hepatitis E assay appeared to be specific for the diagnosis of acute icteric non-A, non-B hepatitis. Hepatitis E was found to be the most common cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in children living in an urban area of Africa.
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PMID:Acute sporadic hepatitis E in Sudanese children: analysis based on a new western blot assay. 158 17

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a positive-strand RNA agent, has been associated with enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Asia, Africa, and Mexico. To evaluate the role of HEV in an outbreak of hepatitis in Pakistan, we used immune electron microscopy to detect 1) antibody to HEV, for evidence of infection, and 2) virus, to determine the pattern of HEV excretion. Paired sera from 2 patients were assayed for antibody by using reference HEV: one seroconverted, an atypical finding for HEV infections; the other had high levels of anti-HEV in both sera. Virus particles with the size (29 x 31 nm) and morphology of HEV were detected in feces from 10 of 85 patients and serologically identified as HEV by using reference antibodies from an HEV-infected chimpanzee. One of these HEV-containing specimens was collected 9 days before the onset of jaundice; it was among feces from 38 outpatients with nonspecific symptoms and biochemical hepatitis, 12 of whom subsequently developed jaundice. The other 9 feces with HEV were among 36 collected within 7 days of the onset of acute icteric hepatitis; all 11 feces from days 8 to 15 were negative for HEV. Fecal concentrations of HEV appeared to be lower than those of many enteric viruses: only one specimen contained as many as 5 particles per EM grid square. It is concluded that HEV was etiologically associated with the epidemic and was predominantly excreted at very low levels during the first week of jaundice.
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PMID:Association of hepatitis E virus with an outbreak of hepatitis in Pakistan: serologic responses and pattern of virus excretion. 158 70

This paper describes isolation and identification of a virus (termed strain 87A) which has the cytopathic effect and haemagglutination properties of hepatitis E virus (HEV). This virus was isolated by tissue culture from the faeces of a patient with acute non-A, non-B enteric hepatitis in Xinjiang, China. The isolated virus was neutralized by acute phase sera obtained from other patients with acute non-A, non-B enteric hepatitis. The virus particles also could be specifically aggregated with acute phase sera from patients with known HEV hepatitis in China, Burma, India and the U.S.S.R., and with acute and convalescent sera from an HEV-infected chimpanzee. Crystalline arrangements of virus particles in the cytoplasm were observed by electron microscopy in ultrathin sections of infected cells. The sedimentation coefficient of the strain 87A virus particles in sucrose gradients was 176S. Purified virus particles revealed a protein band of about 76K on SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The evidence indicates that the strain 87A virus is an HEV. Our ability to propagate HEV in cell culture should facilitate research on this hepatotropic virus.
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PMID:Isolation and identification of hepatitis E virus in Xinjiang, China. 158 18

Hepatitis is transmitted by a number of infectious agents. The epidemiological characterization of waterborne or enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH) is unique when compared with other known hepatitides. We have reported on the molecular cloning of a cDNA clone derived from the etiologic agent associated with ET-NANBH, the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The complete sequence of these first molecular clones, isolated from an HEV-infected human after passage in Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus macaques), illustrates a distant relationship to other known positive-strand RNA viruses of plants and animals. The translated major open reading frame (ORF-1) from these clones indicates that this portion of the genome encodes a polyprotein with consensus sequences found in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and ATP/GTP binding domains. The latter activity has been associated with putative helicases of positive-strand RNA viruses. These viral-encoded enzymatic activities identify this region and ORF-1 as containing at least two different nonstructural genes involved in HEV replication. Molecular clones obtained from two other geographically distinct HEV isolates demonstrated sequence heterogeneity in this nonstructural gene region. Further study will be required to elucidate the pathogenic significance (if any) of this observed divergence in the nonstructural region.
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PMID:Hepatitis E virus (HEV): strain variation in the nonstructural gene region encoding consensus motifs for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and an ATP/GTP binding site. 158 64


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