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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
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PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

To focus attention on the problem of infant mortality in Lebanon, data were compiled on infant mortality from 1978 to 1986 at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Causes of death are analyzed for 602 males and 398 females. 54.9% deaths occurred at 1 month of age and 77.4% died within the 1st year. Autopsies were performed on .7%. 37.7% of all neonatal deaths were due to neonatal diseases such as hyaline membrane disease, asphyxia neonatorum, immaturity, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemorrhage, hemolysis, meconium aspiration, and kernicterus. Better prenatal care would reduce this group, or the administration of corticosteroids to the mother 24-48 hours prior to delivery, as well as rapid resuscitation at birth and prevention of the 5 curses: hypoxemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hypotension, and acidosis. Although unavailable in Lebanon, administration of surfactants through an endotracheal tube would also help. Infections constitute 25.1% of deaths; many are preventable through adequate public health measures and strict personal hygiene, i.e., diseases such as sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, encephalitis, and 1-2 cases of the following: diphtheria, measles, peritonitis, tetanus, tuberculosis, cytomegalis inclusion, herpes, parathyphoid, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and shigellosis. Congenital diseases were 21.6%. In utero diagnosis could prevent some diseases and in utero treatment is possible for hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis. Screening programs postnatally could lead to treatment. 5.9% were malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumors, histocytosis, Wilm's tumor, Ewing sarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Early diagnosis is critical if mortality is to be reduced in this group, but medical advances are still needed. 2.9% are miscellaneous diseases such as poisoning, rheumatic diseases, marasmus, Reye's syndrome, nephrosis, rickets, and epilepsy. Most of these diseases are preventable, except for rheumatic inflammation of the heart. Recommended necessary steps to reduce infant mortality are: prenatal care, diagnosis and screening, intrauterine surgery; resuscitation and intensive care centers with modern equipment and trained personnel; national vaccination and screening programs; adequate public health measures and hygiene; parental education; and well-equipped hospitals to serve all regardless of income level.
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PMID:Pediatric mortality: an avoidable tragedy. 251 28

In the present report we provide the strain distribution patterns of susceptibility to acute mouse hepatitis virus type-4 (MHV-4) encephalomyelitis, acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and vasoactive amine sensitivity (VAAS) for 9 (CXJ) recombinant-inbred strains between BALB/cKe (C) and SJL/J(J) mice. We confirm that susceptibility to MHV-4 is not linked to the H-2 complex, and that all strains susceptible to acute EAE have both a responder H-2 haplotype (H-2s or H-2d) and induced (B. pertussis) VAAS. In addition, we provide evidence that susceptibility to acute EAE induction is controlled by an additional presently unmapped locus and that an EAE-like histopathological disease does not usually follow MHV-4 infection intracerebrally in animals susceptible to MHV-4, acute EAE and induced VAAS.
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PMID:Host genetic regulation of acute MHV-4 viral encephalomyelitis and acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in (BALB/cKe x SJL/J) recombinant-inbred mice. 257 95

We studied the incidence of typhoid fever, hepatitis, poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, pertussis and measles from 1954 to 1984 as reported in the yearly records of diseases subjected to compulsory notification. Autocorrelation functions and Fourier analysis were used to study incidence fluctuation. Seasonal variations related in all cases to pathogenic factors were found for all diseases. Air borne transmission was related to a peak incidence in spring and enteric transmission in summer. Person to person transmission and crowding at school are noted as factors influencing the incidence pattern of hepatitis and scarlet fever.
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PMID:[Ecologic dynamics of infectious diseases. I. Seasonal variations]. 264 29

The incidence of hepatitis, mumps, poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, pertussis and measles from 1954 to 1984 was studied from the annual records of infectious diseases. Fluctuations were evaluated by Fourier analysis. Periodic recurrency was detected for poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, pertussis and measles and was likely for mumps. The asynchronic fluctuation of the proportion of cases and susceptible individuals is considered to be the origin of this phenomenon. Observed fluctuations corresponded to those predicted by the models.
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PMID:[Ecologic dynamics of infectious diseases. II. Periodic recurrence of epidemics]. 264 30

Guillain-Barre syndrome is known as one of the autoimmune disease, but the etiology, pathophysiology relating immune reaction, as well as the treatment are not established. It still causes physical handicap although its rate is low. The causes, clinical symptoms and outcome of 132 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome have been analyzed. The patients' ages ranged from 4 months to 15 years. The antecedent events for 56.1% of the patients were known. These were upper respiratory tract infection, unexplained fever, vomiting, diarrhea, vaccination, measles, german measles, shigellosis, mumps, hepatitis, pertussis and surgery in order of frequency. The CSF protein level reached a maximum at 12.3 +/- 9.5 days. Steroids did not influence the outcome of this disease. More studies are necessary to conquer the disease.
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PMID:Guillain-Barre syndrome in Korean children. 274 76

Simple or combined D,T,P and inactivated polio vaccines adsorbed onto calcium phosphate are prepared according to two procedures. Antigens can be dialysed in a sodium phosphate solution and quickly mixed with an equal volume of an equimolar solution of calcium chloride, the pH is adjusted to 6.8-7. Toxoids added to the phosphate solution are in this way entrapped within the 3-dimensional network during the formation of the precipitate. Antigens can also be added to a calcium phosphate gel suspension prepared in advance. Results of animal experiments and of field trials using either combined vaccines or simultaneous immunization with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, meningococcal and several viral vaccines: polio, rabies, hepatitis-B, etc., will be presented. Several programs have been studied in developing countries, mainly with the aim at simplifying vaccination campaigns. The efficiency of a two-dose regimen with DT vaccine has been ascertained, this has also been applied to pregnant women. Adsorbed tetanus toxoid was successfully used as a diluent for freeze-dried measles, meningococcal polysaccharide and rabies vaccines. Levels of circulating antibodies and potency of vaccines have been measured by new in vivo and in vitro methods. The choice of detoxified purified toxins is desirable for the preparation of vaccines in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions. Local and generalized reactions have been studied. Adverse Arthus-type reactions have been encountered and related with the presence of high levels of circulating tetanus antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preparation and use of calcium phosphate adsorbed vaccines. 354 96

Ten inbred strains of mice were tested for their susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) after sensitization with mouse spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant followed by booster injections of Bordetella pertussis. The results extended previous findings in that not all susceptible mice possessed the H-2s haplotype, but mice with an H-2q background (DBA1/J strain) were also susceptible. Neuropathologic examination of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the mouse showed that from strain to strain, the condition was similar. The over-all pathologic picture was somewhat midway between that seen in other species sensitized with whole nervous tissue in complex Freund's adjuvant and hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats similarly sensitized but with the addition of B. pertussis. Perivascular cuffing, though present, was less pronounced than in other species. There was a prominent polymorphonuclear response, and extravasation of fibrin and red cells occurred. Primary demyelination was a transient, early feature of the disease process in mice, but nerve fiber depletion and gliosis occurred as the disease progressed. The observed myelin degradation most commonly involved the ingestion by macrophages of small fragments of dissociated myelin via crypts or infoldings of the cell surface, at the bases of which were pinocytic, coated vesicles. A similar pattern of myelin breakdown has been described in mouse hepatitis virus encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.
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PMID:Neuropathology of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in inbred strains of mice. 740 30

A recent analysis demonstrated a change in incidence approaching 100% for diseases against which we routinely immunize in the United States. At present, measles, mumps, rubella, invasive Haemophilus disease, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and tetanus are well-controlled but not eliminated. Diseases that now pose special problems include pertussis, hepatitis A and B and varicella. The incidence of pertussis surged in 1994, possibly in part because of waning immunity in the immunized population. Acellular pertussis vaccines are available for booster doses in children but are not now recommended for adults. Licensure of acellular pertussis vaccines for primary immunization of infants is eagerly awaited. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine has been licensed for more than 10 years but there has been little change in disease incidence in the United States. Routine immunization of infants is now recommended but concerns exist about cost and persistence of immunity into adolescence. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines appear to be highly effective in preventing clinical hepatitis and controlling epidemics. Potential target populations include military personnel, day-care attendees and travelers. Hepatitis A vaccine may be recommended for all children after approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration and if a combination vaccine becomes available. A live, attenuated varicella vaccine developed in 1974 and unlicensed in the United States is safe and highly effective in preventing varicella in healthy and immunocompromised populations. It also appears to reduce subsequent development of herpes zoster. Vaccines against pneumococci (conjugate vaccine), respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus are needed. Research and technology to develop these vaccines must be developed, and efficient delivery mechanisms must be created and implemented.
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PMID:Present and future challenges of immunizations on the health of our patients. 763 35

We report the case of a 3 year old boy who exhibited recurrent serious infections with a transient imbalance of IgG subclass in the second year of life. He suffered from pneumococcal meningitis at 3 months, hepatitis at 9 months, and purulent arthritis at 11 months of age. The second episode of pneumococcal meningitis occurred at 14 months. Serum IgG level was normal for age. Low level of IgG2, undetectable level of IgG4 and negligible level of pneumococcus-specific IgG1-G2 antibodies were found. No other primary immunodeficiency was apparent. Serum IgG2-G4 levels but not pneumococcus-specific IgG1-G2 titers increased by the age of 30 months. At that time, he was inoculated with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine along with acellular diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine. He acquired the immunity against these agents, and had no episodic infections in the following 2 years. This observation stresses the existence of transient IgG subclass deficiency associated with delayed development of the anti-polysaccharide antibody response.
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PMID:Recurrent pneumococcal meningitis in a patient with transient IgG subclass deficiency. 779 55


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