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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients infected with hepatitis B have demonstrated a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations other than hepatitis. Immune complex formation has been proposed as a possible mechanism for such varied disease presentations. The present report describes a case in which acute pericarditis is associated with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive disease. Speculations are made relating the pericardial changes to the formation of immune complexes following hepatitis B virus infection.
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PMID:Acute pericarditis associated with hepatitis B infection. 14 91

The diagnostic significance of orcein, aldehydthionine, and chromotrope anilinblue stains for the demonstration of HBsAg containing hepatocytes was investigated in 602 unselected liver biopsies. Five types of specifically stained ground-glass hepatocytes (GGH) were distinguished: Type I showed a positive staining reaction of the cytoplasmic periphery (marginal GGH), type II a diffuse staining of the total cytoplasm (diffuse GGH). Type III contained round or oval globular positive cytoplasmic masses (globular GGH). Type IV showed only very small round, drop-like or sickle-shaped positive structures (spotty GGH). The GGH with fatty changes were designated as type V. In all carriers and patients with minimal hepatitis GGH, mostly type I and II, appeared in extensive clusters within the lobules. In chronic persistent hepatitis, there were moderately numerous, partly grouped, partly disseminated ground-glass hepatocytes of type II and III. In chronic active hepatitis there were only a few GGH of type IV. In acute viral hepatitis, there were no typical GGH, however, positively stained phagocytes were seen. The intracellular antigen localization and the intralobular distribution of GGH are considered to be the result of an immune reaction. Single so-called 'metabolic' GGH sometimes showed similar pictures. However, they could usually be distinguished from virus containing GGH because of their granular cytoplasmic structure and a lower staining intensity in the applied stains. Among the three stains the orcein stain yielded the best results. In some cases with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis virus infection could not be proved by means of staining.
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PMID:Detection of HBsAg containing cells in liver biopsies by different stains and classification of positively reacting ground-glass hepatocytes. 16 Jan 17

Four-week-old BALB/c mice inoculated intracerebrally with the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus developed an acute demyelinating disease followed by apparent recovery with remyelination. When surviving mice were examined 16 months later, small areas of active demyelination were still present. This is the first reported example, to our knowledge, of an experimental viral infection in which acute demyelination with recovery is followed by persisting or recurring demyelination.
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PMID:Mouse hepatitis virus-induced recurrent demyelination. A preliminary report. 16 30

A specific immune adherence (IA) test for hepatitis A antibody in human serum was described employing liver extract of marmosets infected with CR326 strain human hepatitis A virus. Persons with hepatitis A, but not hepatitis B, developed hepatitis A IA antibody soon after onset of the acute illness and this persisted thereafter. There was very close agreement in the tests for human hepatitis A immune adherence, complement fixing (CF) and neutralizing antibodies. IA antibodies appeared to develop somewhat later than CF or neutralizing antibody. A limited epidemiologic study of a family outbreak of hepatitis A and B in Costa Rica showed simultaneous occurrence of the two diseases and was supportive of the concept that susceptible persons in a country with high hepatitis A prevalence generally acquire their infections at an early age and are immune thereafter. Most persons of high socioeconomic level in an area of low hepatitis A incidence may proceed to adulthood without experience with hepatitis A. Person of low socioeconomic level, however, such as commercial blood bank donors and prisoners, show high incidence of hepatitis A antibody. Hepatitis IA and CF antibodies persisted in human subjects for at least 7 hr after hepatitis A virus infection. Captive chimpanzees and grivet and rhesus monkeys, not given hepatitis A virus, showed evidence of previous experience with human hepatitis A or an antigenically related virus based on tests for hepatitis A antibody. Other subhuman primates, rodents, and swine, not given hepatitis A virus, were without hepatitis A antibody. The IA test provides an excellent tool for diagnostic and epidemiologic investigations of hepatitis A and should be of considerable value to detect hepatitis A virus in attempts to propagate the virus in cell culture. There was considerable difference in hepatitis A IA antibody content of different lots of commercial human immune globulin, though the majority titered 1:4000 or 1:8000.
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PMID:Specific immune adherence assay for human hepatitis A antibody application to diagnostic and epidemiologic investigations. 16 76

Two episodes of acute viral hepatitis occurred in each of 34 patients. One episode in each patient was serologically diagnosable as type B hepatitis on the basis of tests for hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody. The other episode was classified as "non-B" on the basis of seronegativity, reinforced by seropositivity in an alternate bout. An epidemiologic background appropriate to "serum" hepatitis, either transfusion (one bout) or illicit self-injection (46 bouts), was associated just as frequently with serologically non-B episodes as with identified type B disease. The diagnosis of type B hepatitis, therefore, should be made only on the basis of serologic tests specific for hepatitis B virus infection. Other cases of sporadic diseases in adults must be labeled "viral hepatitis, type unspecifiable."
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PMID:Hepatitis types B and non-B. Epidemiologic background. 16 17

During the past decade new development in hepatitis research have shed new light on the etiologic, epidemiologic, immunologic, and prophylactic aspects of type A and B hepatitis virus infection. Recent advances in hepatitis A virus research include: (1) identification of the virus as a 27 nm particle with characteristics resembling an enterovirus, (2) transmission of the infection to marmosets and chimpanzees, and (3) development of specific complement fixation and immune adherence antibody tests. Recent advances in hepatitis B research include: (1) identification of the virus as a 42 nm particle (Dane particle) containing an outer coat, the hepatitis B surface antigen, and an inner core, the hepatitis B core antigen, (2) development of specific tests to detect the hepatitis B antigens and their respective antibodies, (3) transmission of the infection to chimpanzees, (4) development of a specific hepatitis B immune serum globulin, and (5) development of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis: recent developments and prospects for prevention. 17 63

Day-old to 4-week-old mice from a breeder colony which had been seromonitored to be free from mouse hepatitis virus infection, were tested for susceptibility to the virus by different routes of inoculation. After intraperitoneal, intravenous and intracerebral inoculation of 10(2) or more plaque-forming units of the virus, mice of all ages died of acute hepatitis. While day-old mice died also after subcutaneous, intranasal and peroral routes of inoculation, those 3 weeks or more of age resisted to infection by these routes. To intranasal inoculation mice 1 and 2 weeks of age were fully susceptible but some of the resisted to peroral inoculation. In the course of non-fatal infection in 4-week-old mice after intranasal inoculation, viremia and production of some hepatic lesions were recognized and infection became fatal in association with cortisone treatment. The results suggested that the intranasal route of infection may be of importance for spreading of infection in mouse breeding colonies in which inapparent infection is prevailing.
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PMID:Pathogenicity of mouse hepatitis virus for mice depending upon host age and route of infection. 17 65

Postmortem diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was made over a one-year period in 43 cases, 18 of which also exhibited hepatocellular carcinoma. Blood samples taken from these and 120 other patients who died from other diseases were tested for hepatitis-B antigen (HB-Ag) and its antibodies (HB-AB) by counter-electrophoresis. The types of cirrhosis found were classified on the basis of morphological characteristics and available etiological data. The greater part of controls had had cardiovascular diseases and 32 had had non-hepatic carcinoma. Age limits were similar in the cirrhotic and control groups. HB-Ag was detected in 5 of the 25 subjects with macronodular cirrhosis and in one alcoholic patient among 18 subjects with other types of cirrhosis. The possibility of a coincidental HB virus infection existed in the alcoholic case and in one case of macronodular cirrhosis. Only one patient with liver carcinoma had HB-Ag. Among the 120 controls, HB-Ag and HB-AB were found in a one case. Microscopic lesions did not seem to be related specifically to the presence of HB-Ag in the cirrhotic livers.
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PMID:Hepatitis B antigen in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 17 69

Hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) was purified from feces collected during acute illness from patients with naturally occurring viral hepatitis, type A. Positive fecal specimens were identified by immune electron microscopy, but for detection of HA Agduring purification immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) and microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay were used. Isopycnic banding in cesium chloride, rate-zonal separation in sucrose, and preparative zonal electrophoresis were used in various combinations for successive purification, and the purified antigen was successfully used in a test for antibody by IAHA. Seronconversions to HA Ag were demonstrated by IAHA in 20 instances of hepatitis A virus infection, but in none of six cases of type B hepatitis or three cases of post-transfusion hepatitis unrelated to heaptitis A or B viruses, nor in two individuals without hepatitis. In addition, the temporal pattern of antibody development during type A hepatitis was studied in serial sera from an experimentally infected chimpanzee. Antibody titers by IAHA correlated well with antibody ratings determined by immune electron microscopy.
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PMID:Purification of hepatitis A antigen from feces and detection of antigen and antibody by immune adherence hemagglutination. 17 97

Viral diseases exert their major impact through morbidity, impairment of personal health, loss of time at work and school, and cost of medical care. Relatively few of the known viruses cause a significant number of deaths; influenza, childhood viral pneumonia, and hepatitis are the only viral diseases causing more than 1,000 deaths per year. Data based on the National Health Interview Survey of the National Center for Health Statistics show that the common cold annually causes 35.6 acute illnesses per 100 persons. The data reported by the National Therapeutic Disease Index (on the basis of visits by patients to a sample of 1,500 private physicians) show that influenza and other acute respiratory conditions account for about one-third of all visits to physicians. Nearly all viruses first infect humans in infancy and childhood, with a relatively low fatality rate but with frequent episodes of illness.
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PMID:Measurements of the prevalence of viral infections. 18 Feb 8


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