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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Culex tarsalis and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on chimpanzees carrying hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) of known infectivity and pools were tested by radioimmunoassay daily for the presence of HBS Ag. HBS Ag continued to be detected at low levels in mosquito tissue after digestion of the blood meal. Inoculation of susceptible chimpanzees with macerated pools of A. aegypti mosquitoes at two intervals after digestion of the blood meal did not produce hepatitis or serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Mechanical transmission studies by interrupting feeding of A aegypti from HBS Ag-carrier chimpanzees and transferring them to susceptible chimpanzees did not produce hepatitis. These findings do not support the hypothesis that mosquitoes are involved in either biological or mechanical transmission of hepatitis B.
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PMID:Experimental studies on the transmission of hepatitis B by mosquitoes. 0

Thirteen patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (P.M.R.) were examined for evidence of viral infection. Hepatitis-B surface antibody (HBsAb) was detected in nine out of twelve patients tested prior to therapy. The antibody persisted up to six months in four patients but reverted to negative in the other five. HBsAb was found in only one of twelve age-matched controls. Hepatitis-B surface antigen was not detected in any patient or control. No significant elevation of antibody titre was detected to a panel of twelve other organisms. Immunoglobulin levels were elevated prior to treatment in several patients. With steroid therapy the IgG and IgA levels fell serially but the IgM levels increased in six patients. These results suggest that hepatitis B is an important trigger for P.M.R. In view of the association with giant-cell arteritis, P.M.R. may represent an abnormal immunological response to infection in elderly patients.
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PMID:Hepatitis-B antibody in polymyalgia Rheumatica. 5 Dec 86

Of 108 prospectively followed, multiply transfused, open-heart-surgery patients, 12 (11%) developed hepatitis. Patients received only volunteer donor blood tested for hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) prior to transfusion by counterelectrophoresis (C.E.P.). 4 of the 12 patients developed hepatitis-B-virus infection. Subsequent testing of donor serums by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) revealed that an R.I.A.-positive, C.E.P.-negative blood unit was transfused to 3 of the 4 type-B hepatitis cases, but to none of the remaining 104 patients; 3 hepatitis-B cases could probably have been prevented by prescreening of donors by solid-phase R.I.A. 8 hepatitis cases were serologically unrelated to the hepatitis-B virus, the hepatitis-A virus, the cytomegalovirus, or the Epstein-Barr virus. Had R.I.A.-positive donors been excluded, 8 of the 9 residual hepatitis cases (89%) would have represented "non-A, non-B" hepatitis. The existence of previously unrecognised human hepatitis virus(es) is probable.
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PMID:Clinical and serological analysis of transfusion-associated hepatitis. 5 29

In viral hepatitis A, we could distinguish between monophasic and polyphasic forms. Monophasic and polyphasic hepatitis A induce the production of plasma interferon. Interferon level, elevated as early as the first days following the appearance of clinical signs, decreases and reaches a minimum value on the seventh day. A new rise of interferon is characterized by a maximum level on the twelfth day and a minimum level on the thirtieth. Beyond the first month we could still detect the presence of interferon. In the two forms of hepatitis, a complement system is activated both by classical and alternate pathways. IgM levels increase early, IgA levels remain unchanged. On the other hand, IgG levels, only slightly elevated in monophasic hepatitis A, are highly increased in polyphasic hepatitis A beyond the first month. Alpha 2-macroglobulin reaches levels above normal during convalescence in monophasic hepatitis A; on the contrary, in polyphasic hepatitis A, alpha 2-macroglobulin levles are above normal as early as the thirty first days of illness and remain above normal for several months. Elevated levels in alpha 2-macroglobulin may inhibit cellular immunity which is accountable for immunological injury of virus infected hepatocytes. We wonder whether this earlier increase in alpha 2-macroglobulin is responsible for the lasting character of viral infection observed in polyphasic hepatitis A.
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PMID:[Production of interferon and alpha 2-macroglobulin involvement in immune response during human viral hepatitis A (author's transl)]. 6 8

Antibodies in the serum reacting with antigens on the surface of radiolabelled Dane particles distinct from hepatitis B surface and core antigens (HBsAg and HBcAg) were detected, using a double antibody precipitation assay, in 12 out of 15 patients early in the course of acute type B hepatitis and at the time of disappearance of circulating Dane particles. No such antibody activity was found in 15 of the 16 patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis, 13 of whom had complete Dane particles in the serum. In a group of 16 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (without Dane particles in serum) antibody activity was shown in nine. This demonstration of antibodies precipitating Dane particles may be relevant to the clearance of circulating hepatitis B virions and the termination of infection in acute type B hepatitis. Their absence in all but one of the cases of chronic active hepatitis might explain why the virus infection persists in this group of patients.
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PMID:Detection of a new antibody system reacting with Dane particles in hepatitis B virus infection. 8 2

Stringent virological standards for drinking-water have been proposed by the World Health Organisation and by others, but there is no evidence of the spread of virus infection by drinking-water that has been adequately treated to conventional bacteriological standards. There is evidence for waterborne transmission of hepatitis and viral gastroenteritis but the case for the introduction of virological standards is critically examined. It is concluded that there is no evidence that drinking-water in the U.K. contributes to the spread of virus infection, and that the introduction of virological standards for drinking-water could not at present be justified. Moreover, in the absence of any information relating the degree of viral contamination to disease, there is no logical basis on which to set the level of a practical virological standard.
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PMID:Viruses in drinking-water. Reconsideration of evidence for postulated health hazard and proposals for virological standards of purity. 8 74

Twelve infants, born to mothers with hepatitis B virus infection, were inoculated within 7 days of birth with immune serum globulin containing antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titers of 1:32 to 1:64 as measured by passive hemagglutination. Six of nine infants (66.7%) born to HBsAg-positive carrier mothers became HBsAg-positive within 3 mo of age. In addition, two of three treated infants born to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the delivery period also developed HBsAg. The hepatitis e antigen was detected in four of five carrier mothers and in two mothers with acute hepatitis, whose infants subsequently became HBsAg positive. In addition, hepatitis B-specific DNA polymerase activity was detected in the seven HBsAg-positive mothers who transmitted the virus to their infants. All eight infants have remained persistently HBsAg positive. Thus, the immune serum globulin containing low-titer antibody to HBsAg is not protective when given to infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers or to mothers with acute hepatitis B during the delivery period.
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PMID:Failure of immune serum globulin to prevent hepatitis B virus infection in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers. 8 62

Two antigenic systems of the woodchuck hepatitis virus have been identified. The relationship between viral antigens of the woodchuck hepatitis virus and the human hepatitis B virus was determined by using immunoprecipitation, hemagglutination, and immune electron microscopy techniques. Antigens found on the cores of the two viruses were cross-reactive. Lack of cross-reactivity between the surface antigens of the two viruses in immunodiffusion experiments suggested that the major antigenic determinants of the viral surfaces are different; however, results of passive hemagglutination tests indicated that there are common minor determinants. Nucleic acid homology, as measured by liquid hybridization, was found to be 3 to 5% of the viral genomes. The results of this study provide further evidence that woodchuck hepatitis virus is the second member of a new class of viruses represented by human hepatitis B virus. Since virus-infected woodchucks may acquire chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, these antigens and their respective antibodies will be useful markers for following the course of virus infection in investigations of the oncogenic potential of this class of viruses. The nucleocapsid antigen described may be a class-specific antigen of these viruses and, thus, may be useful in discovering new members of the group.
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PMID:Serological relationship of woodchuck hepatitis virus to human hepatitis B virus. 9 59

The danger to which man is exposed as a result of viruses contained in food differs basically from the risk to man caused by bacteria, fungi or their toxins. With respect to viral injuries it is not the specific diseases (e.g. hepatitis and polio) that are in the foreground but the much more dangerous noxious groups whose cause/effect relationships are rather complex. 1. the oncogenic risk, 2. synergistic interactions with opportunistic problem viruses, 3. slowly developing chronic diseases and persistent infections with their indirect injuries, 4. new infectious pathogens (viroids). Viral contamination of food can be exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous contamination is possible by: 1. specific human-pathogenic viruses, 2. polyphagous, human-pathogenic and animal-pathogenic viruses (zoonosis), 3. animal-pathogenic viruses only, 4. fish viruses, 6. bacteriophages, 7. fungal viruses. The viruses of group 1 and 2 are of practical importance, those of group 6 and 7 are it occasionally. Endogenous contamination is caused when an animal suffered from a viral infection at the time of slaughter or product extraction (e.g. milk, egg, fish) or when the animal has picked up a virus shortly beforhand. As far as endogenous contamination is concerned, a distinction must be made between 1. primarily biological and 2. primarily mechanical contamination. For the first, mainly the clinically inapparent especially persistent infections and viraemic stages at the end of incubation are dangerous. In both cases the animal is clinically healthy. In primarily biological contamination the zoonosis viruses predominate. In addition the bacteriophages must be taken into account. Primarily mechanical contamination is restricted to fish, molluscs, milk and eggs. The possibilities and consequences of exogenous and endogenous contamination are discussed. The risk of viral transmission by foodstuffs depends chiefly on the tenacity of the virus in the affected food, but also on its virulence and concentration. Basic considerations are discussed. Practically from any useful, healthy animal the most varied viruses can be isolated. In order to avoid destroying the confidence of the consumer, it is necessary to take stock of the following: 1. viral contamination in foodstuffs demonstrated so far 2. verified human diseases caused by the intake of virus-contaminated foodstuff and 3. speculations on imaginable consequential damage caused by the consumption of food containing virus. This is also dealt with in the paper. In a final, critical review the importance of virus contained in food is discussed comprehensively from a scientific, legal and practical point of view.
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PMID:[Facts and speculations on viruses in food (author's transl)]. 11 55

Liver dysfunction was observed in 33% of patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Fifty-eight percent of these cases of hepatitis occurred in patients with past or present HBs antigenemia, and 77% of HBsAg-positive patients showed evidence of LD. However, during the course of a program conducted from 1969 to 1976 and involving 267 patients, the decrease in the prevalence of HBs antigenemia observed during the last two years did not lead to any reduction in LD incidence. In a small number of patients, potentially hepatotoxic drugs could be incriminated, but in our experience azathioprine never appeared to be involved. In a few patients, LD was due to granulomatous disease of the liver, such as tuberculosis and schistosomiasis. Twenty-one (7%) of the 267 patients at risk developed chronic hepatitis, which contributed to death in nine patients. In 12 cases (three deaths), this form of hepatitis occurred in HBsAg-positive patients, and in nine cases (six deaths), in HBsAg-negative patients. In three of these latter individuals, cytomegalovirus could be incriminated. Routine monthly screening for CMV in kidney recipients confirmed the high incidence of this viral infection in such patients. Studies on murine CMV infection have demonstrated that this infection can be enhanced by histoincompatible graft or by cyclophosphamide in a model that is very close to the kidney recipient. As in mice, CMV infection in kidney recipients apparently results from reactivation of a latent infection. It seems to play a major role in the LD observed and could apparently lead to chronic hepatitis and even to cirrhosis of the liver. Finally, the occurrence of LD in HBsAg-, anti-HBs- and antiCMV-negative patients would suggest the responsibility of other viruses for the pathogenesis of liver disease in patients treated by hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Besides Epstein-Barr virus, other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, should be thoroughly scrutinized.
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PMID:Liver disease in patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. 11 44


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