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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In studies conducted in the early 1950s, sera from six asymptomatic blood donors, implicated in the transmission of viral hepatitis, were inoculated into 10 to 20 volunteers each. Five of these "implicated" donor sera transmitted clinically apparent hepatitis to the recipients. The stored serum samples from these studies have been reanalyzed using serologic markers for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis A virus infection. Two of the donor sera were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive, and both transmitted hepatitis B virus infection to all susceptible recipients, half of whom showing clinical symptoms. The remaining three infectious donors were HBs-Ag-negative, yet were icterogenic to 10% to 47% of recipients. Testing of serum samples from these recipients with hepatitis showed no evidence of hepatitis B virus or hepatitis A virus infection. This study and other recent evidence suggest that there is a third type of human viral hepatitis--non-A, non-B hepatitis--which is due to a transmissible agent and may well be associated with a chronic carrier state.
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PMID:Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis. 19 5

Resulting directly from the discovery of virus-related antigens, rapid progress has marked the last decade of viral hepatitis research. The hepatitis B virion has been tentatively identified as a DNA virus with an endogenous DNA polymerase, and new serological markers for type B hepatitis have been discovered. Hepatitis A antigen has been identified on a virus-like particle thought to be the hepatitis A virion. Progressively more sophisticated assays for hepatitis antigens and antibodies have been applied to the study of viral hepatitis epidemiology and biochemical-biophysical characterization of the agents. Most recently, knowledge learned from such studies has been exploited to develop a prototype non-infectious but immunogenic hepatitis B vaccine using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) purified in large quantities from chronic HBsAg carriers. Especially exciting is the prospect, suggested by serological studies of viral hepatitis, that hepatitis viruses besides hepatitis A and B viruses will be identified.
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PMID:Recent advances in the identification of hepatitis viruses. 19 74

The chief causes of liver disease in Ethiopia are reviewed, considering hospital data on admissions for hepatitis, cirrhosis, ascites and hepatoma. Liver diseases account for 11.4% of all medical admissions in 3 medical wards in Addis Ababa. The causes are viral hepatitis, post- hepatic and post necrotic and mixed cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Alcoholic cirrhosis is rare. Viral hepatitis with shivering, rigor and fever and elevated direct bilirubin levels are common in Ethiopians, especially in child-bearing women. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is often associated with hepatitis. The disease may be transmitted by several species of mosquitoes, placental transmission, or feces, urine, saliva or semen. Blood products are not screened for hepatitis B. Cirrhosis is common, and causes significant mortality, usually from esophageal varices and hepatic coma. Chronic active hepatitis patients may live for a time, especially if they are near a hospital and are treated with steroids. In Ethiopia presenting symptoms for hepatoma are anorexia, weight loss, persistent, burning, right upper quadrant pain, and a hard, nodular, tender RUQ mass. Over 5% of malignancies seen are primary hepatocellular carcinomas. 50% have HBsAG, compared to 3.8% of controls. 65% have alpha-fetoglobulins. It is suggested that some viral hepatitis cases progress to cirrhosis, of which some go on to hepatocellular carcinoma. Herbal medicines, aflatoxins and other toxins may also contribute to liver disease.
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PMID:Current views on liver diseases in Ethiopia. 20 62

The natural incidence of the etiologically distinct types of viral hepatitis was determined by investigating acute phase sera of symptomatic hepatitis cases occuring in the Hannover area in 1975 for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen, antibodies to hepatitis A, hepatitis B core and surface antigens, and by measuring the IgM serum levels. Fourteen different seroepidemiologic patterns were recognized. Although there was a high prevalence of hepatitis A antibody in the population, the frequency of hepatitis A was low (n = 56) suggesting that the hepatitis A virus does not play a major role in symptomatic hepatitis in the Hannover area at present. Spread of the hepatitis A virus was mostly associated with person-to-person contact or tourist travel in southern Europe. Hepatitis B was the predominant type of hepatitis (n = 211). Hepatitis non-A, non-B was observed infrequently (n = 62). A high percentage of patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis non-A, non-B reported parenteral exposure to potentially contaminated materials. No other findings, however, suggested an infectious etiology of hepatitis non-A, non-B.
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PMID:The seroepidemiological pattern of acute viral hepatitis. An epidemiological study on viral hepatitis in the Hannover region. 20 14

It is now possible to define two forms of acute viral hepatitis by means of specific serological tests and at least one other form by exclusion. These diseases are known as hepatitis A, hepatitis B and non A non B hepatitis respectively. Major features of the virology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology, mode of spread and control of each disease are briefly reviewed.
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PMID:Acute viral hepatitis. 20 97

Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem occurring endemically in all parts of the world. The general term viral hepatitis refers to infections caused by hepatitis virus type A, type B and a more recently identified infection referred to as "non-A: non-B" hepatitis. These clinically and pathologically similar forms of hepatitis have been studied intensively following the discovery of a specific antigen, Australia antigen, one of the markers of infection with hepatitis B virus.
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PMID:Developments in viral hepatitis. 21 17

Viral hepatitis is one of the most serious infectious diseases in the United States and is of great concern to the public health agencies, hospitals and research laboratories. Progress in our knowledge of this disease has been based on cooperation between specialists in many diverse scientific disciplines employing sophisticated scientific instruments and technics. Close cooperation between clinical pathologists and clinicians is of great importance in diagnosis. Biologic, immunologic, epidemiologic and morphologic studies have resulted in the demonstration that the disease is the result of infection with at least two different viruses, described as type A and type B hepatitis viruses. The first induces type A hepatitis (infectious or epidemic, or MS-2 strain) of longer incubation period, is transmitted parenterally and apparently by inhalation or ingestion of virus-containing material, by venereal means as well as by other means. Extremely sensitive methods are now available for the detection of hepatitis type B infection, based on the results of biochemical, biophysical and immunoelectronmicroscopic studies that resulted in our knowledge of structure and composition of type B virus, and our knowledge of host immune responses to the various components of this virus. Thus it is now known that two antigen-antibody systems are associated with viral hepatitis type B: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (HBsAb) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and antibody to it (HBcAb). The test for antibody to HBcAg appears to be a sensitive indicator of viral replication when only subdetectable amounts of HBsAg are circulated. Since the recent discovery and characterization of type A hepatitis virus, great progress has been made in our understanding of the relationship between type A and type B hepatitis viruses. There is no cross immunity between the two viruses, and as is now suspected, there may be at least another virus, described as type C virus, which may play an etiologic role in viral hepatitis. There is no doubt now that type A and type B hepatitis viruses can be transmitted to monkeys; type A to marmosets and chimpanzees, type B to chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. The two viruses are serologically and immunologically distinct. This knowledge and the results of biologic experiments have laid a solid foundation of meaningful diagnostic procedures for the two types of viral hepatitis. Advances in biophysical and biochemical procedures of treatment of sera of hepatitis B patients have resulted in availability of viral material, noninfectious but immunogenic, for vaccination of chimpanzees. Protective efficacy trials of the vaccine in chimpanzees have demonstrated the vaccine to be fully protective against high doses of infectious hepatitis B virus...
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PMID:Viral type A and type B hepatitis: morphology, biology, immunology and epidemiology--a review. 21 39

In recent years, an increasingly clear picture has been formed of the virus-induced syndromes that may follow a blood transfusion or the use of blood derivatives. Up to about 10 years ago, post-infusion infection was predominantly due to serum hepatitis. Blumberg's discovery of HBsAg (formerly known as Australia antigen) has made it possible to check and prevent viral hepatitis, type B, and to recognise such distinct forms as the mononucleosis-like syndrome caused by cytomegalic virus, infectious mononucleosis caused by EB virus, and so-called non A/non B hepatitis. A brief account of recent advances with respect to the biological features of the viruses responsible for type A and type B hepatitis, CMV and EB virus, and their behaviour in man is followed by an examination of the transfusional aspects, the methods used in their study, and the difficulties involved. The soundness of existing methods and the need for their standardisation are discussed.
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PMID:[Blood transfusion and viral diseases. Recent acquisitions concerning viral hepatitis viruses, cytomegaloviruses and Epstein-Barr virus]. 21 99

Immunofluorescence studies for hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B surface and core antigen were performed on liver biopsies from 48 patients with acute viral hepatitis. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 11 out of 17 patients with type A hepatitis and was not found in patients with type B or non-A non-B hepatitis. Hepatitis B surface and core antigens were detected in 2, hepatitis B core antigen alone in 1, and hepatitis B surface antigen alone in 4 out of 24 patients with type B hepatitis. Neither hepatitis B surface nor core antigen were found in patients with type A or non-A non-B hepatitis. One patient with both type A and B hepatitis were all negative for hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis B surface and core antigens. Immunofluorescence examination for hepatitis A virus in human liver biopsies appears to be a sensitive and specific technique and might be valuable in the search for possible chronic carriers of hepatitis A virus.
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PMID:Immunofluorescence studies for hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B surface and core antigen in liver biopsies from patients with acute viral hepatitis. 22 38

Viral hepatitis rates among U.S. Army soldiers in Europe have been found to be two to three times higher than corresponding rates for soldiers stationed in the U.S. Sera from 89 per cent of a representative Army unit with 865 members and a known hepatitis problem were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and anti-HA. The prevalence of HB markers was 20 per cent, and hepatitis A antibody was present in 25 per cent. A six-month follow-up, conducted on 260 individuals initially negative for all four tests, revealed that 11 of these were now HB seropositive, whereas none had seroconverted to anti-HA positive. The HB virus was the principal agent responsible for hepatitis in the unit surveyed.
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PMID:Serological markers for hepatitis types A and B among U.S. Arym soldiers, Germany. 22 62


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