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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The surface (HBsAg) and core (HBcAg) antigens of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been searched by optic microscopy in the liver specimens from patients hospitalized for various conditions and from 38 HGsAg chronic carriers. The study was done blindly using Shikata et al.'s orcein staining on fixed and frozen material and direct immunoperoxidase on frozen material with antisera specific for surface (anti-HBs) and core (anti-HBc) antigens of HBV. No liver staining could be found in the 98 HBsAg seronegative patients. Among the 28 HBsAg seropositive patients, only 3 showed positive staining: 1 patient with acute viral hepatitis showed nuclear staining with anti-HBc; 2 patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis showed cytoplasmic staining with anti-HBs and/or orcein, and one of them also showed nuclear staining with anti-HBc. In contrast, among the 38 chronic carriers, 25 showed positive cytoplasmic staining with anti-HBs and/or orcein, while one of them (with chronic aggressive hepatitis) also showed nuclear staining with anti-HBc. Anti-HBs and orcein staining are equally sensitive and specific for the detection of HBsAg in hepatocytes; discrepant results can be attributed to sampling error of distribution of HBsAg in small liver fragments.
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PMID:Detection of surface and core antigens of hepatitis B virus in the liver of 164 human subjects. A study by immunoperoxidase and orcein staining. 5 2

Serial serum samples from the time of exposure until fatal outcome in 3 patients with fulminant viral hepatitis, type B, were examined for the presence of the antigens associated with hepatitis, type B, and their corresponding antibodies. The titers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were found to decrease by greater than 50% before death. Antibody to surface antigen (anti-HBs) was not detectable in any sample. Patterns of antibody to core antigen (anti-HBc)), HBsAg subtype "e" antigen, and anti- "e" were unremarkable, and could not be distinguished from those that might occur in many self-limited cases of hepatitis, type B. A rise in alpha-fetoprotein before demise suggests that late but inadequate liver regeneration occurred in these patients.
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PMID:Immune response in fulminant viral hepatitis, type B. 6 Feb 67

Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated hepatocytes has been demonstrated in 93% of cases of acute viral hepatitis tested within two weeks of the onset of symptoms. The frequency of cytotoxicity during this time was similar for HBsAg positive and negative cases. However, after this time it was significantly higher in HBsAg positive than negative cases, 90% and 25% respectively (P less than 0-01). Cytotoxicity was found in B-cell, but not T-cell, enriched fractions of lymphocytes, compatible with an antibody-dependent K-cell mediated reaction. In two cases the assay remained positive on retesting six months later, and follow-up liver biopsies showed the features of chronic aggressive hepatitis. These findings suggest that, in addition to the known immunological reactions against viral antigens that occur during the acute phase of viral hepatitis, an autoimmune reaction directed against a liver specific protein is also initiated; and if this reaction persists then chronic hepatitis may develop.
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PMID:Autoimmune reaction to a liver specific membrane antigen during acute viral hepatitis. 6 5

The serum concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein of rats following experimental galactosamine-induced liver-cell necrosis accurately reflect the severity of preceding liver-cell damage as determined by elevation of serum transaminases. There is a very close correlation between the highest SGOT or SGPT serum activity found 1-2 days after induction of necrosis and the subsequent elevation of alpha-fetoprotein at 2-6 days. Elevations of alpha-fetoprotein are associated in time with restitutive proliferation of the damaged liver. These experimental results clarify the temporal relationship between alpha-fetoprotein and repair of liver-cell damage, which has been suggested by similar observations in cases of patients who have acute or sub-acute viral hepatitis. The correlations support the concept that serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations may be used as a prognostic indicator of the extent and course of fulminatn or subacute hepatitis.
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PMID:Serum alpha-fetoprotein. A prognostic indicator of liver-cell necrosis and regeneration following experimental injury by galactosamine in rats. 6 10

A controlled trial of passive immunization for prevention of post-transfusion viral hepatitis was carried out in order to determine whether effective levels of antibody were present in the "convalescent" immune serum globulin used in the study. This globulin was prepared selectively from plasma of donors giving a history of overt viral hepatitis two or more years earlier. The proportion of contributors to the globulin who had B hepatitis was unknown but the final product contained a low titer of antibody to the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti-HBs). The failure of 20 ml of immune serum globulin to reduce the incidence of type B post-transfusion hepatitis (7/93) below that of placebo-treated controls (8/102) was not unexpected in view of the globulin's low titer of anti-HBs. However, more than two thirds of the post-transfusion cases were not type B and were as plentiful among globulin recipients (17/93) as among controls (17/102). Although some of the donors from whom the immune serum globulin was obtained may once have had the same type(s) of hepatitis as the non-B cases currently observed in transfusion recipients, the globulin apparently did not contain enough specific antibody to confer protection in the dose schedule tested.
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PMID:A clinical and laboratory evaluation of immune serum globulin from donors with a history of hepatitis: attempted prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. 6 26

Alpha-fetoprotein levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 40 cases of acute viral hepatitis, 5 cases of chronic persistent hepatitis, 15 cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis and 5 cases of hepatic coma from fulminant viral hepatitis. Serum concentrations were increased in 55% of patients with acute viral hepatitis and in about 33% of patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis. Levels resulted markedly raised among the patients with coma from fulminant viral hepatitis who survived. The high aplha-fetoprotein values may reflect liver cell regeneration after necrosis of a critical mass of hepatic tissue.
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PMID:Serum alpha-fetoprotein in viral hepatitis and its complications. 6 58

The e determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBS Ag) was found in 23 of 42 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Presence of e antigen was associated with increases in DNA polymerase activity and in the number of circulating Dane particles. In the group with detectable e antigen, the average DNA polymerase activity was 367+/-78 counts per minute (cpm; mean+/-standard error [SE]), and the average number of Dane particles counted in electron micrographs was 4.4% of the total HBS Ag. In contrast, e antigen-negative patients had an average DNA polymerase activity of 40+/-6.9 cpm (P less than 0.1) and an average Dane particle count equal to 0.6% of the HBS Ag. The e antigen was detected in 68% of patients who were HBS Ag carriers or had persistent viral hepatitis and 40% of those with chronic active type B hepatitis. Thus, the presence of e antigen correlated with both the chronicity and presence of infectious HBV. However, it did not correlate with the type or severity of liver disease after HBV infection, since e antigen was present in both chronic benign and chronic aggressive hepatitis B infections.
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PMID:Correlation of e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and Dane particles in chronic benign and chronic active type B hepatitis infections. 6 88

In viral hepatitis A, we could distinguish between monophasic and polyphasic forms. Monophasic and polyphasic hepatitis A induce the production of plasma interferon. Interferon level, elevated as early as the first days following the appearance of clinical signs, decreases and reaches a minimum value on the seventh day. A new rise of interferon is characterized by a maximum level on the twelfth day and a minimum level on the thirtieth. Beyond the first month we could still detect the presence of interferon. In the two forms of hepatitis, a complement system is activated both by classical and alternate pathways. IgM levels increase early, IgA levels remain unchanged. On the other hand, IgG levels, only slightly elevated in monophasic hepatitis A, are highly increased in polyphasic hepatitis A beyond the first month. Alpha 2-macroglobulin reaches levels above normal during convalescence in monophasic hepatitis A; on the contrary, in polyphasic hepatitis A, alpha 2-macroglobulin levles are above normal as early as the thirty first days of illness and remain above normal for several months. Elevated levels in alpha 2-macroglobulin may inhibit cellular immunity which is accountable for immunological injury of virus infected hepatocytes. We wonder whether this earlier increase in alpha 2-macroglobulin is responsible for the lasting character of viral infection observed in polyphasic hepatitis A.
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PMID:[Production of interferon and alpha 2-macroglobulin involvement in immune response during human viral hepatitis A (author's transl)]. 6 8

The serum alphafetoprotein level (AFP) was studies in 125 histologically verified cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 66 other malignancies, 74 cases of cirrhosis of the liver, 60 of chronic aggressive hepatitis, 12 of chronic persistent hepatitis, 16 of subacute hepatitis, 36 of acute viral hepatitis, and 13 healthy hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Double immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used in all cases. AFP greater than 10 ng-ml appeared in 90% of the cases, and was above 400 ng/ml in 69%. In 80% of those above 400 ng/ml, AFP could also be demonstrated by immunodiffusion. The AFP level in hepatocellular carcinoma was discovered to decline as the age increased. It also appeared to be related to the tumor cell type; the relatively immature cell type was more frequently associated with a higher AFP level. The presence of HBsAg did not influence the AFP level. Although the AFP in other malignancies and liver diseases ranged abnormally from 14 to 69%, the level did not exceed 400 ng/ml as in our cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (except in one case). Thus, this figure provides a diagnostic serum level of AFP for the identification of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Serum alphafetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma. 7 Feb 68

The prognostic significance of in-vitro complement fixation (V.C.F.) by hepatitis-B core antigen/antibody immunocomplexes in hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive liver biopsy specimens was prospectively evaluated in 47 patients presenting with acute viral hepatitis type B. 34 of 37 V.C.F.-negative patients made an uneventful recovery and became HBsAg negative; in all patients with a V.C.F.-positive test chronic hepatitis and persistent antigenaemia developed. The V.C.F. test is a simple and reliable prognostic indicator of persistent infection and of progression of apparently acute hepatitis to a chronic liver disorder.
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PMID:Prognostic significance of in-vitro complement fixation in liver biopsy specimens from patients with acute viral hepatitis type B. 7 41


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