Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At the emergency station of the Surgical Department of the University Hospital in Zurich, 90% of the group with high risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus are intravenous drug abusers and 10% are promiscuous homosexuals. When compared with the group of i.v. drug addicts, the group of homosexual patients is small, as homosexual behaviour is not recognised and drug consumption and surgical emergency cases occur more often with i.v. drug addicts than with homosexuals. Surgical illnesses of i.v. drug abusers are directly connected with drug addiction (needle abscesses, injuries by accident or violence). Homosexual patients have no characteristic surgical problems outside of anal difficulties. I.v. drug abusers are running a very high risk of viral infections: 75% have antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus. 77% have antibodies against the hepatitis-B virus and 50% have antibodies against the hepatitis-A virus. At the surgical emergency station of the University Hospital in Zurich, the problem of i.v. drug consumption patients with risk of viral infection is permanently increasing. The surgical emergency station can be considered as an ideal place for the prevention from HIV-infection and for taking care of i.v. drug abusers.
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PMID:[The HIV patient in the surgical emergency unit]. 270 21

Two hundred and sixty-seven women were interviewed in a national survey examining the characteristics, treatment needs and treatment experiences of Australian women who had received treatment for their alcohol and other drug problems. More than half the women were mothers, of whom almost one-third had surrendered custody of their children. Polydrug use was the norm among these women, who in general had substantial experience with the legal system. A sizeable proportion of women had experienced physical and psychological health problems such as hepatitis, eating disorders, self-mutilation, suicide attempts and low self-esteem. The majority of the sample had a life-time history of physical or sexual violence. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations are provided for attracting and retaining women in appropriate services.
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PMID:Characteristics of women with alcohol and other drug problems: findings of an Australian national survey. 882 42

The U.S. Bureau of National Affairs has conducted several surveys asking women to rate the seriousness of 11 hazards thought to affect female workers. In 1995 the women respondents ranked them in the following order: 1) stress, 2) repetitive motions, 3) AIDS, 4) violence, 5) VDTs, 6) indoor air pollution, 7) hepatitis, 8) injury on the job, 9) reproductive hazards, 10) tuberculosis, and 11) other infectious diseases. A parallel list of 11 hazards thought to affect male workers would look very different. The purpose of this paper is to explore why this is so and what it implies for the occupational health research agenda.
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PMID:Women, work, and health. 921 62

Unhealthy alcohol use is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Among military personnel, service members between the ages 18 and 25 had a 27.3% prevalence of heavy drinking in the previous 30 days, compared to 15.3% among civilians in the same age group. In the civilian world, > 100 million patients are treated in U.S. emergency departments (ED) annually; 7.9% of these visits are alcohol related. Alcohol is associated with a broad range of health consequences that may ultimately present in the ED setting: traumatic injuries (e.g., motor vehicle crashes, intentional violence, falls); environmental injuries (e.g., frostbite); cardiovascular problems (e.g., hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy); gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., hepatitis, pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding); neurological problems (e.g., encephalopathy, alcohol withdrawal, withdrawal seizures), as well as psychological problems (e.g., depression, suicide). Seminal work has been done to create behavioral interventions for at-risk drinkers. These motivational interventions have been found to be successful in encouraging clients to change their risky behaviors. We present such a technique, called the Brief Negotiated Interview as performed in a civilian ED setting, in hopes of adapting it for use in the military context. Military health care providers could easily adapt this technique to help reduce risky levels of alcohol consumption among service members, retirees, or military dependents.
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PMID:Brief interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use among military personnel: lessons learned from the civilian experience. 1680 38

Studies consistently find that negative condom beliefs or attitudes are significantly associated with less condom use in various populations, including HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs). As part of efforts to reduce sexual risk among HIV-positive IDUs, one of the goals of HIV interventions should be the promotion of positive condom beliefs. In this paper we sought to identify the correlates of negative condom beliefs and examined whether such correlates varied by gender, using a subsample (those with an opposite-sex main partner; n = 348) of baseline data collected as part of a randomized controlled study of HIV-positive IDUs. In multivariate analyses, we found more significant correlates for women than for men. With men, perception that their sex partner is not supportive of condom use (negative partner norm) was the only significant correlate (Beta = -0.30; p < 0.01; R (2) = 0.18). Among women, negative partner norm (Beta = -0.18; p < 0.05); having less knowledge about HIV, STD, and hepatitis (Beta = -0.16; p < 0.05); lower self-efficacy for using a condom (Beta = -0.40; p < 0.01); and more episodes of partner violence (Beta = 0.15; p < 0.05) were significantly associated with negative condom beliefs (R (2) = 0.36). These findings suggest important gender-specific factors to consider in interventions that seek to promote positive condom beliefs among HIV-positive IDUs.
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PMID:Beliefs that condoms reduce sexual pleasure-gender differences in correlates among heterosexual HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs). 1744 47

Female sex workers are especially vulnerable to HIV infection, particularly those who use drugs and engage in street-based sex exchange. This study examines the risk behaviors and HIV serostatus of 806 drug-using female sex workers in Miami and assesses the relative impact of two HIV and hepatitis prevention interventions on changes in risk behavior. Drug-using sex workers were recruited using targeted sampling strategies and were randomly assigned to the NIDA Standard Intervention or an innovative Sex Worker Focused (SWF) Intervention. Outcome analyses indicate that both groups benefited from participation in the intervention trial. However, the SWF Intervention was found to be more efficacious in regard to reductions in unprotected oral sex and sexual violence.
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PMID:An effective HIV risk-reduction protocol for drug-using female sex workers. 2039 Oct 59

Use of illicit substances of abuse is a major public health problem in developed countries like the US. However, this problem of illicit substance use has spread like a tumor to include currently developing countries where most of its youths and adolescents are actively engaged in this illegal practice. This problem is even more worse in poor resource countries, as use of these substances is accompanied with a lot of HIV- risk behaviours, and for cocaine and heroin drug injectors often share injecting equipments hence increasing the chances of contracting and spreading HIV infection. Apart from HIV infection, other infections include hepatitis B, C, abscesses and other ill-health problems such as drug dependence manifested with complex set of behaviours related to mental illnesses. For non-drug injectors, the chances of contracting and spreading HIV through their unsafe/unprotected sexual behaviours especially those having multiple partners is there. Use of these illicit substances have other consequences like compromising the dosing schedule or adherence / poor compliance to ARTs/ARVs among those enrolled. Furthermore, use of illicit substances may be accompanied with domestic sexual violence which is done without using any protective (condoms) measures) leading to HIV/AIDS and unplanned pregnancies. However, various studies and preventive approaches have been tried in the US on drug abusers in order to prevent the associated adverse health outcomes. There are many reasons why people use drugs. In many situations, drugs are being used as artificial problem-solvers such as frustrations, stress or tiredness. Drugs can often make a problem disappear for a short time but not usually the answer for solving the problem. They just help to remove it temporarily. Other people choose to use drugs to enjoy the feelings or for recreational purposes which many drugs produce. For example, many people, especially young people, experiment with using drugs to find out more about the sensations they produce. Drug use is a problem to users when it begins to cause some damage to their physical health, mental health and social well-being. These include mental illness, diseases caused by or related to use of drugs e.g. practice of sharing needles or syringes among drug injectors and also non-drug injectors may acquire HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis, crimes and violence. However, the number of harm associated with the use of drugs is increasing in Tanzania and other developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and globally in developed nations like the US and many others.
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PMID:Methadone maintenance therapy as evidence based drug abuse planning in developed countries: can developing countries afford and learn from this experience? 2141 73

Mefloquine use has been linked to severe gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric adverse effects, including cognitive disturbances, anxiety, depression, psychosis, and violence. The adverse effects of the drug are thought to result from the secondary consequences of hepatocellular injury; in fact, mefloquine is known to cause a transient, anicteric chemical hepatitis. However, the mechanism of mefloquine-associated liver damage and the associated neuropsychiatric and behavioral effects of the drug are not well understood. Mefloquine and other 8-amino-quinolines are the only antimalarial drugs that target the liver-stage malaria parasites, which selectively absorb vitamin A from the host. Vitamin A is also stored mainly in the liver, in potentially poisonous concentrations. These observations suggest that both the therapeutic effectiveness of mefloquine and its adverse effects are related to the ability of the 8-aminoquinolines to alter the metabolism of retinoids (vitamin A and its congeners). Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that mefloquine neurotoxicity and other adverse effects reflect an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A due to a process involving: mefloquine-induced dehydrogenase inhibition; the accumulation of retinoids in the liver; retinoid-induced hepatocellular damage; the spillage of stored retinoids into the circulation; and the transport of these compounds to the gut and brain in toxic concentrations. The retinoid hypothesis could be tested clinically by comparing cases of mefloquine toxicity and untreated controls in terms of retinoid profiles (retinol, retinyl esters, percent retinyl esters, and retinoic acid). Subject to such tests, retinoid profiling could provide an indicator for assessing mefloquine-associated adverse effects.
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PMID:Mefloquine use, psychosis, and violence: a retinoid toxicity hypothesis. 2385 88

Clozapine is, and will remain in the coming years, an irreplaceable drug in psychiatry which has elective indication in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, suicide risk in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, aggressiveness or violence in psychiatric patients, psychosis in Parkinson's disease, prevention and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Unfortunately, the drug is largely underused for many and serious side effects. Only a good knowledge of these side effects and of the main strategies to prevent their occurrence or minimize their impact can allow overcoming the underutilization of this valuable therapy. The article describes the clinical and epidemiological features of the non-motor side effects of clozapine including blood dyscrasias, constipation, diabetes, enuresis, fever, hepatitis, hypersalivation, ileus, myocarditis, nephritis, priapism, seizures, serositis, weight gain and metabolic syndrome. The paper suggests several strategies, supported by scientific evidence, in the management of these side effects. The neuropsychiatric side effects of clozapine are not discussed in this review.
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PMID:Clozapine safety, 40 years later. 2480 63

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among samples with diagnosed alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but few studies have evaluated the factors that account for this increased risk, and none have systematically evaluated the risk posed by comorbid physical health conditions. The present study evaluated the likelihood of perpetrating IPV among alcohol diagnosed offenders with medical health problems relative to healthy counterparts. Physical health and partner violence data provided by 655 criminal offenders with AUDs diagnosed during a court-ordered substance abuse evaluation were examined. One third of participants (35.3%) endorsed a physical health condition, and 46.4% reported perpetrating physical IPV. The odds of perpetrating IPV among participants with a physical health condition were 2.29 times larger than among healthy participants. Specific conditions emerged as risk factors for IPV, including brain injury, cardiac issues, chronic pain, liver issues, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatitis, and recent injury. Findings highlight the importance of identifying and managing physical health conditions that may complicate IPV treatment efforts. Integrated behavioral and medical health treatment approaches may increase treatment compliance and reduce the risk of future partner violence among offenders with co-occurring issues, such as mental illness, addiction, and physical health conditions.
J Interpers Violence 2017 06
PMID:Physical Health Conditions and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Offenders With Alcohol Use Diagnoses. 2605 79


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