Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mortality trends of missionary staff serving in sub-Saharan Africa were tracked for the period 1945-1985. For 1945-1970, when more complete incidence data were available, the missionary death rate was approximately 40% lower, after adjustment, than would be expected in a comparable US population. This trend persisted through 1985. Between 1945 and 1970, the largest number of fatalities was attributable to malignancy, atherosclerosis, accidents, and infectious disease, and the greatest mortality risks, compared with the US experience, were from homicides, the complications of pregnancy, and infections, notably malaria, hepatitis, and polio. Beginning in the late 1950s, motor vehicle accidents became the leading cause of death. Since the 1960s, accidental causes of death have been approximately 50% higher than in the US, and homicides have been four times higher. During this same period, the infectious disease death rate decreased to approximately that within the US. Currently, the leading causes of mortality are motor vehicle accidents, malignancy, and atherosclerosis, followed by other accidental causes, notably aircraft mishaps and drownings. Viral hepatitis is presently the leading infectious disease cause of death. Other contemporary lethal infections include malaria, rabies, typhoid, Lassa fever, and retroviral infection. It was concluded that missionaries in sub-Saharan Africa had a death rate approximately half that expected in a comparable domestic control population. Preventive strategies, particularly relative to accident and infectious disease prevention, could effectively reduce mortality risk further.
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PMID:Mortality trends of American missionaries in Africa, 1945-1985. 162 93

This paper deals with two patients with typhoid fever in whom hepatic manifestations were the dominant and presenting features of the illness. The ability of typhoid hepatitis to simulate other common infectious diseases in this region is highlighted. It is recommended that typhoid hepatitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever and jaundice particularly in the tropics.
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PMID:Unusual hepatic manifestations in typhoid fever. 178 79

Fifty blood culture positive patients of typhoid fever were studied during the current outbreak of the disease for their clinical profile. In 39 (78%) cases the isolates of S. typhi were resistant to conventional drugs. Children below 2 years of age constituted 20% of the total cases and belonged exclusively to the group with multidrug resistant typhoid fever (MRTF). The clinical presentation seemed to mimic malaria, bronchopneumonia, meningitis, etc. Typhoid hepatitis was diagnosed in 2 cases with MRTF. Life threatening complications were seen in 28.2% patients and were observed exclusively in MRTF group.
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PMID:A clinical profile of multidrug resistant typhoid fever. 179 69

The contribution of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity to the diagnosis of typhoid fever was assessed in 246 children and in 46 adults, by Giusti's original technique. Children included otherwise healthy patients admitted for elective surgical conditions or under follow up for epilepsy which were considered to be a control group (n: 81), presumptive viral diseases (n: 31), miscellaneous febrile diseases except for typhoid fever (n: 41), different kinds of bacteremia (n: 6), diarrhea due to Salmonella typhimurium (n: 14), viral hepatitis (n: 24), and culture proven typhoid fever (n: 49). Adult's group included 39 healthy controls and 7 patients with culture proven typhoid fever. Among children mean ADA activity was as follows: control group 28 +/- 7.8, viral disease 35.3 +/- 13.1, miscellaneous febrile disease 36.1 +/- 15.6, bacteremia group: 30.3 +/- 10.3, salmonellosis group 51.6 +/- 9, hepatitis group 68.3 +/- 34.5, typhoid fever group 124.4 +/- 40.8 U/I 37 degrees C. Among adults, values were 18.4 +/- 7.5 for controls and 112.8 +/- 19.2 U/I 37 degrees C in typhoid fever patients. In both adults and children ADA activity was significantly higher in the typhoid fever group (p < 0.0001). Untreated typhoid fever patients had their higher ADA activity between 10th and 15th day of illness. When ADA cut point was set at 80 U/I, sensitivity of the test was 91.8% and specificity was 91.4% as a preliminary clue to the recognition of typhoid fever.
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PMID:[Adenosine deaminase in typhoid fever and other febrile diseases]. 184 20

The course of liver involvement during the first three weeks of typhoid fever was studied in 20 patients. Previous studies of liver involvement in typhoid fever have not considered the time course of changes. In this study, hepatomegaly was found during the 2nd or 3rd wk more often than in the 1st wk (36% vs. 11%), whereas jaundice was detectable in 9% of patients after the 1st wk, but never before. Alkaline phosphatase, AST, and ALT were raised in 100%, 100%, and 91% of cases, respectively, during the 2nd and 3rd wk but during the 1st wk, only 11%, 89%, and 56% had mild increases. This study shows that, although the clinical picture of hepatitis is unusual, liver involvement is invariably present after the 1st wk, and should not be considered as a complication, but as a feature of the disease.
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PMID:The liver in typhoid fever: always affected, not just a complication. 188 3

International mass travel poses a challenge to our knowledge about health problems outside the Western World. Although infections dominate among imported diseases, the risk of contracting such illness is often exaggerated. Hence, medical examination of subjectively healthy persons after travelling abroad is rarely warranted, but should be offered adopted children and refugees from developing countries. Among the imported diseases, malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis should always be considered in cases of fever. Other commonly imported diseases include gastroenteritis, hepatitis, infections of skin and soft tissues, and sexually transmitted infections. Reference is made to some courses offering further education in the field of imported health problems.
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PMID:[Imported health problems]. 204 37

Salmonella typhi has been reported to cause hepatic involvement. We studied nine patients with positive blood cultures in order to identify characteristic features of typhoid hepatitis which may help in early diagnosis. Patients who had an illness resembling enteric fever but negative cultures for Salmonella typhi were excluded. No specific clinical features were found consistently and liver function tests were widely variable. Other biochemical abnormalities occurred due to vomiting and renal involvement. Liver biopsy showed focal hepatocellular necrosis and non specific inflammation. Although most responded to conventional antibiotics, it was generally a delayed response. It is recommended that patients with fever greater than 38.5 degrees C and liver abnormalities should undergo blood, urine, stool and/or bone marrow cultures. Liver biopsy may help to differentiate typhoid hepatitis from acute viral hepatitis.
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PMID:Hepatic involvement with typhoid fever: a report of nine patients. 210 32

Liver involvement in typhoid fever is uncommon. Typhoid hepatitis is now being recognized as a definite entity. Over a period of 4 years, we have observed 10 cases (4.8%) of typhoid hepatitis out of 210 cases of typhoid fever. Jaundice, anaemia, hepatomegaly and abnormal biochemical tests were present in all cases. Liver biopsy was done in 8 cases and was found to be abnormal in 5. Two of the 10 cases of typhoid hepatitis died. Recognition of typhoid hepatitis is important since it has to be differentiated from other common ailments in the tropics such as viral, malarial or amoebic hepatitis. Early institution of specific therapy in cases of typhoid hepatitis carries a good prognosis.
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PMID:Typhoid hepatitis. 226 3

The questions concerning the health of travellers discussed in this paper are which antimalarial to prescribe; whether to immunise against hepatitis, typhoid or cholera; and which, if any, antidiarrhoeal to prescribe.
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PMID:Recurrent issues in traveller health. 232 81

We studied the incidence of typhoid fever, hepatitis, poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, pertussis and measles from 1954 to 1984 as reported in the yearly records of diseases subjected to compulsory notification. Autocorrelation functions and Fourier analysis were used to study incidence fluctuation. Seasonal variations related in all cases to pathogenic factors were found for all diseases. Air borne transmission was related to a peak incidence in spring and enteric transmission in summer. Person to person transmission and crowding at school are noted as factors influencing the incidence pattern of hepatitis and scarlet fever.
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PMID:[Ecologic dynamics of infectious diseases. I. Seasonal variations]. 264 29


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