Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

WHO statistics indicated that as of October 1, 1991 there were 418,403 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in the world, and an estimated 5-10 million persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were at risk of developing AIDS. 50% of AIDS victims have died. It has been reported that after 1 year of clinical use HIV could develop resistance to AZT (azidothymidine), the only effective drug used worlwide and recommended for clinical use by the US government. AIDS has also been treated by acupuncture and moxibustion which recent experiments have associated with improving immune function and enhancing resistance to disease. The American scientists Smith and Naomi Rabinowitz used acupuncture and moxibustion in the clinical treatment of AIDS from 1982 to 1988 when they treated 350 patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. 1 advanced case with Kaposi's sarcoma and signs of hemorrhage was significantly improved after treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used successfully in treating cholera, syphilis, epidemic encephalitis, influenza, and hepatitis with a great variety of clinical treatment measures and experiences. In recent years the treatment of AIDS by TCM using herbs and their extracts has been increasing. Dr. Yu of Santa Barbara, California, Hospital, in cooperation with Dr. Chen of China, successfully treated on AIDS patient with Chinese herbal medicine. The patient was still living and well more than 2 years later when another 24 cases which were not treated with TCM died during the same period. In China there are no special laboratories dealing with the prevention and treatment of AIDS, although scientific HIV research could benefit from such activities. On the other hand, foreign scientists and Chinese abroad have accomplished a significant amount of relevant research.
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PMID:Recent development of studies on traditional Chinese medicine in prophylaxis and treatment of AIDS. 159 94

To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis-B-virus (HBV)-markers in STD patients and the significance of promiscuous heterosexual activity as a risk factor for the transmission of HBV, a serological screening was performed in 499 patients, in addition to the routine STD diagnostic programme. Two groups of patients were evaluated: group 1 (120 patients) was drawn from the STD clinic of the Public Health Office (PHO), group 2 (379 patients) from a private STD outpatient clinic. Promiscuous activity was reported significantly more often by persons of group 1 than by those attending the private clinic (59.3% vs. 5.1%). The infection rate of gonorrhea, syphilis and Chlamydia trachomatis was high in patients of the PHO (46.7%, 35.3%, 27.5%) whereas most of the STDs were seldom ascertained in patients of the private clinic (1.1%, 0%, 5.6%). Similar to other STDs, the prevalence of HBV markers differed significantly between patients of the PHO and those of the private clinic (33.3% vs. 6.3%; p = .0000). Comparison of HBV and other STDs showed the highest coincidence of HBV markers in patients with serological evidence of syphilis (44.2%), and in one third of patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae as well as HIV infection. The data obtained in the present study demonstrate that also in Austria, in addition to homosexual preference and drug abuse, promiscuous heterosexual activity must be considered a substantial risk factor for the transmission of HBV.
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PMID:Coincidence of hepatitis B-virus markers and other sexually transmitted diseases in different STD-risk groups. 161 Dec 11

In the US and northern Europe, the prevalence of pregnant syphilitic women is estimated at .1-.6%, while in South Africa it was 7.6% in 1982. In 1978, there 108 cases in the US which increased to 268 reported cases in 1985. The increase of congenital syphilis (CS) by 25% from 1985 to 1988 was attributed to the spread of crack cocaine in the US. The rate was 10.5 cases/100,000 live births in the US during this period, a 21% increase. In contrast, in the Netherlands there were 2.5 cases/100,000 live births during 1982-85. Clinical symptoms appear 3 weeks after birth, but some are present at birth such as hepatosplenomegaly, bloated abdomen, cutaneous lesions, and nasal discharge turning into purulent rhinitis. Anemia occurs in 90% of children with CS. Generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly with hepatomegaly, and syphilitic hepatitis may also occur. Syphilitic skeletal abnormalities include osteochondritis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, and osteitis. Meningovascular syphilis produces nervous system effects. CS complications include nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis. Ocular abnormalities are caused by treponemes found in the cornea, sclera, uvea, retina and the optic nerve. Chorioretinitis and iridocyclitis are common ocular lesions. The pathogen Treponema pallidum can be diagnosed by dark field microscopy, by immunofluorescence, or by histopathological examination of silver-stained preparations. Pregnancy women with syphilis are treated with penicillin although failures have been reported after single or 2 or 3 in administrations of 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin and after giving tetracycline in 3rd trimester pregnancy. The CDC recommendation for treating infants with CS is iv 50,000 U/kg penicillin G every 8-12 hours for 10-14 days or im 50,000 U procaine penicillin once daily for 10-14 days. Single administration of 50,000 U/kg benzathine penicillin is recommended for newborn children whose mothers have been treated with erythromycin.
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PMID:Congenital syphilis. 161 61

To evaluate the Ethiopian national blood requirement and supply and to determine the impact of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG) screening on the blood supply, 407 random blood donor sera were tested for HBsAG, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and ALT activity. HBsAG and anti-HIV antibody were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique using Hepanostica and Welcozyme kits, respectively. The Western Blot test was performed to confirm anti-HIV positive sera by the ELISA technique. ALT was determined by an automated photometer using ALAT kits and serologic testing for syphilis was done by the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test. The amount of blood required in Ethiopia and the actual supply was calculated on the basis of the number and type of hospital beds in Addis Abada and the number of blood transfusions in units/hospital bed. The results demonstrated that the combined donor and unit rejection rate was 34.6%. The annual blood requirement was 7 units for emergency and 4 for nonemergency beds. The national blood requirement in 1989 was 64,350-80,000 units, but the supply met only 1/3 of the requirement. The mean and 2SD cutoff ALT levels were 28 and 69 IU/L, respectively. ALT was elevated in 9.1% of HBsAG positive but apparently health donors, while HBsAG screening eliminated 25% of those with elevated ALT activity. These data suggest that there is a serious blood shortage in Ethiopia and that the currently supplied blood is relatively unsafe in terms of hepatitis. Thus, HBsAG screening should be done along with the implementation of a blood policy that ensures the procurement of sufficient blood for hemotheraphy in Ethiopia.
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PMID:National blood requirement, serum ALT and hepatitis in Ethiopian blood donors. 165 34

The National University of Singapore (NUS) Bone Bank was started in October 1988 and is the first such bank in Singapore. Two Revco Freezers were installed to store bones at -80 degrees C. The NUS Bone Bank Protocol follows the multi-centre protocol in USA with Massachusetts General Hospital as the Central Registry. It strictly follows the guidelines for banking of musculo-skeletal tissues set up by the American Association of Tissue Banks. Strict donor selection is practised including screening for Aids, hepatitis, syphilis and infection. It does not provide for storage of articular cartilage. Currently, procurement is obtained from living donors. Mainly femoral heads have been obtained (63 donors to date). One whole tibia, one whole fibula, one lower end of femur have also been procured. Bone allograft transplantation has been safely performed in 14 recipients--mainly spinal fusions (seven cases), Sub-talar joint fusion in children (three cases) and packing Giant Cell tumors (two cases). Other cases include revision hip surgery (one case) and augmenting of hypoplastic mandible (one case). The biggest problem faced by the NUS Bone Bank is lack of donors. There is definitely a need for bone allografts in Singapore where such transplantation is legal. Presently, there is also a demand for whole bones to bridge large bone defects resulting from tumour resection and for reconstructing post-traumatic defects. This can only be met if we can procure more whole bones especially from cadaveric donors.
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PMID:Organisation, operational aspects and clinical experience of National University of Singapore Bone Bank. 179 56

In early secondary syphilis, predominant features of spirochetal infection may include hepatitis and glomerulonephritis. We report a 27-year-old woman with characteristic physical, laboratory, and microscopic findings of syphilitic hepatitis and glomerulonephritis; she responded to penicillin therapy and recovered completely. The importance of clinically and pathologically recognizing this treatable disease is emphasized.
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PMID:Hepatitis and glomerulonephritis in secondary syphilis. 181 May 84

Although the major diseases transmitted by transfusion today are AIDS and hepatitis, many others also are known. These include CMV, syphilis, Chagas disease, babesiosis, parvovirus B19, malaria, Epstein-Barr infection, and many others that have been reported only once or twice. Reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases is a problem for donor centers where donor screening and laboratory testing for possible carriers is undertaken. Physicians should be aware that the potential for disease transmission is always present when transfusions are administered.
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PMID:Transfusion-transmitted diseases other than AIDS and hepatitis. 196 3

Eighty-seven men aged 60 years and over who attended the sole genito-urinary clinic in Birmingham during the year 1989 had their records reviewed. Sixty-five (75%) were sexually active and the most frequent complaints were penile soreness and urethral discharge. Nineteen patients had positive serological tests for syphilis (TPHA) and two men, both homosexuals, had positive hepatitis (HBA2) serology. In this age group, compared to a Caucasian, an Afro-Caribbean man had an Odds Ratio of 4.68 of having a positive serological test for syphilis. Two patients had psychosexual problems and one genital ulcer was squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. The men with multiple sexual partners were more likely to have a past history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:Sexuality and sexually transmitted diseases in older men attending the Genito-Urinary Clinic in Birmingham. 200 9

In 1986, health workers collected 358 serum samples from 134 people living in rural Kitgum district in north Uganda and, in 1987, 90 serum samples from 30 healthy people in the Butezi and Ruyigi regions of central Burundi to compare the seroepidemiology of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), delta agent hepatitis, and Treponema pallidum infections. Laboratory staff used ELISA to test for HIV and confirmed all positive samples with the Western blot test. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) test was used for HBV infection and for delta agent hepatitis infection. T. pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) test was used to check for past syphilis infection. 10% of the people in Kitgum district tested positive for HBV surface antigens (HBS-Ag) and 66.2% for HBV antibodies (HBS-Ab) compared to 15.6% and 68.9% for those in Butezi. Further 3.1% of all people tested in northern Uganda tested positive for anti delta agent hepatitis. Moreover 30.6% of the people in northern Uganda who tested positive for HBS-Ag also tested positive for anti delta agent hepatitis. Yet no one in Butezi district who tested positive for anti delta agent hepatitis. In healthy patients, 14.2% of those in Kitgum district and 9.5% of those in Butezi district tested positive for HIV. In clinically suspected AIDS patients, these corresponding figures were 84.2% and 74.1%. 32.7% of the people in northern Uganda and 7.85 of those in Burundi tested positive for T. pallidum. Further 64% of all HIV positive cases also tested positive for TPHA compared to 25.8% of HIV negative cases (p.01). In Butezi, these figures were 21.4% and 1.6% (p.04). As for those with clinical features of AIDS and tested positive for HIV, 62.5% also tested positive for TPHA in Uganda and 25% in Burundi. In conclusion, HIV infection was strongly associated with previously preexisting patterns of sexually transmitted diseases, i.e., TPHA, but not with the HBV mode of transmission.
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PMID:HIV, HBV, delta-agent and Treponema pallidum infections in two rural African areas. 218 36

An unusual case of a well-documented granulomatous hepatitis in secondary syphilis in a 47-year-old male is presented. This hepatic pathology in secondary syphilis is summarised, and a review of the literature regarding syphilitic granulomatous hepatitis presented.
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PMID:Granulomatous hepatitis in secondary syphilis. 218 40


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