Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In France, smallpox and poliomyelitis have almost disappeared thanks to generalized vaccination, no case of small pox has been reported since 1975. 17 cases of poliomyelitis were reported in 1975. These two vaccinations remain compulsory. The prophylaxis of measles, which is a very common disease, is based on vaccination recommended for young children, particularly those living in groups. The frequency of severe forms of flu is reduced by vaccination which is advised in the elderly and in weak or exposed subjects. Rubella raises the problem of contamination of pregnant women. It is recommended to vaccinate young girls and also, after serological reactions, women who are professionally exposed to the disease. Epidemic virus hepatitis (virus A) is increasing in frequency, whereas transfusion hepatitis is becoming less common since the strict application of measures of prophylaxis. The spread of rabies, mainly in the fox, is worrying for public health workers. No case of human rabies has been noted in France. Preventive anti-rabic treatment is applied in the case of a patient bitten by a suspicious animal.
 ...
PMID:[Prevention of infectious diseases of viral origin]. 19 Jun 96

The latest recommendations for immunization for overseas travel by British nationals as of June 1978 are summarized. Immunizations are divided into 2 groups, 1) those required by International Health Regulations, and 2) those medically recommended. The WHO requires vaccination for smallpox, cholera and yellow fever, recorded on official WHO forms. Yellow fever vaccinations are good for 10 years, and are only given at special locations. Live viral vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever and polio) should be given 3 weeks apart if possible. Contraindications against receiving these vaccines are listed, along with alternate procedures in such cases. Vaccines in the medically recommended group include typhoid-paratyphoid, tetanus, poliomyelitis, plague, typhus and immunoglobulin for infective hepatitis. A polyvalent vaccine for typhoid, paratyphoid A and B, and tetanus is available. The effectiveness of paratyphoid B vaccine is in dispute, and reactions are troublesome. Tetanus and polio immunizations are a must. Plague and typhus shots often produce reactions, and the immunity is not always good, but injections are highly recommended for those travelling in the interior of affected areas. Rabies vaccination is not recommended unless the traveller is to work as a veterinarian. Measles and BCG are suggested for children who are going to live in endemic areas.
 ...
PMID:Immunization for overseas travel. 68 32

In accordance with the system of viral species, viral disorders of the oral mucosa may be classified with regard to their intensity of affection. There are but few viral infections exclusively affecting the oral mucosa like e.g. 1. Glossitis papulosa of Michelson, representing a special form of vaccinia inoculata, 2. Gingivo-stomatitis herpetica and 3. warts of the mucosa or condyloma-like papillomas of the oral mucosa including oral papillomatosis, that, itself shows morphological and clinical similarities to laryngeal papilloma. A second group of disorders mainly affecting the oral mucosa includes the "Aphthoid of Pospischill and Feyrter", Zahorsky's herpangina and other viral infections by the Coxsackie group, like vesicular stomatitis. The 3rd group represents viral infections of other organs in which affection of the oral mucosa is a prerogative, e.g. smallpox, varicella, foot-and-mouth disease and pharyngo-conjunctival fever. A 4th group includes those viral infections of the organs in which co-affection of oral mucosa occurs frequently or once in a while (at occasions). Here, we find eczema vaccinatum, herpes zoster, herpes simplex of the oral mucosa mostly on the hard palate, eczema herpeticatum, post-herpetic Erythema exsudativum multiforme, Mononucleosis infectiosa Pfeiffer, viral flu, German measles, parotitis epidemica, rubeola and ECHO-exanthema. A 5th and last group is made up by viral infections of other organs, in which affection of the oral mucosa hardly occurs at all. This group contains paravaccinal Ecthyma contagiosum, poliomyelitis, viral infection of the city of Marburg and some Arbovirus infections. Relatively few viral disorders never co-exist with lesions on the oral mucosa like e.g. Virus-hepatitis or some viral encephalitides. Groups 1 and 2, most important of all, are presented in detail regarding clinics, diagnostics, differential-diagnosis and therapy. The disorders within the other 3 groups are discussed only regarding their importance in the field of ENT-related symptoms of the oral mucosa. A number of pictures and tables completes important clinical details and give further hints to their differential-diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:[Virus diseases of the mouth mucosa]. 83 Jan 6

In the Tri-State Leukemia Survey, the history of diseases in 605 adult male leukemia cases 15 years and older and in 668 adult male population controls was examined. These diseases occurred at least 1 year before leukemia was diagnosed. The data were based on respondents' answers that the disease was diagnosed by a physician; the respondent was either the subject or his spouse. Of 30 diseases studied, 7 showed an excess among the patients with leukemia: infectious hepatitis, eczema, psoriasis, diabetes, arthritis and rheumatism, heart disease, and ankylosing spondylitis. Mumps had a lower reported occurrence among the cases, whereas pneumonia was less frequent in acute lymphatic cases than in population controls. Three diseases occurred significantly less in controls than in persons with specific histologic types of leukemia. Our data revealed a more frequent history of herpes zoster (shingles) in chronic lymphatic leukemia, more hives in acute chronic myeloid cases, and meningitis in acute myeloid leukemia. When we only considered the patients' responses, more of them admitted having had acne than did our controls. The remaining diseases--childhood viral diseases, infectious mononucleosis, smallpox, typhoid fever, dysentery, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, asthma, hay fever, and goiter did not occur more frequently in cases than in controls. The findings were consistent with evidence from previous laboratory and clinical studies. The increased occurrence of infectious hepatitis in our case series is consistent with the findings of other studies showing an increased frequency of Australia antigen in patients with hepatitis, leukemia, and Down's syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of diseases in adult males with leukemia. 99 1

Trials of the first Soviet live recombinant smallpox-hepatitis B vaccine (SHBV) in volunteers (20 men aged 18-20 years) showed its safety, good "take"-rate, and lower reactogenicity as compared with the standard smallpox vaccine (LIVP strain). Smallpox virus-neutralizing antibodies in response to SHBV were produced as well as in response to the smallpox vaccine. Revaccination of human subjects with smallpox vaccine and SHBV 45 days after the previous vaccination resulted in antibody booster to vaccinia virus. After two inoculations of SHBV at an interval of 45 days no anti-HBsAg antibodies were found for 3 months after the last vaccination. However, even a single vaccination with SHBV induced priming to HBsAg. This could be demonstrated after inoculation of the subjects vaccinated with SHBV with one dose of plasma hepatitis vaccine. In the subjects vaccinated with SHBV antibody in response to the plasma vaccine formed more frequently and in higher titres than in those prevaccinated with smallpox vaccine or placebo.
 ...
PMID:[Verification of the safety, inoculability, reactogenicity and antigenic properties of a live recombinant smallpox-hepatitis B vaccine in an experiment in volunteers]. 216 64

During the 20th century, tuberculosis has been the most prevalent and most harmful disease in Japan. Enormous medical researches have ever been performed to conquer the disease. Nevertheless tuberculosis has left various somatic and psychological residues on vast convalescents. On the other hand, researches to conquer tuberculosis have made considerable contribution to other fields of medicine. 1. Somatic and psychological residues on convalescents from tuberculosis. Chest x-ray findings, cardio-pulmonary disturbance, secondary infection, serum-hepatitis due to mass transfusion during the chest surgery, streptomycin-deafness and psychological disorder. 2. Sequelae of phthisiology. a. In the field of basic medicine. Respiratory physiology, immunology and genetic pharmacology. b. In the field of epidemiology. Methodology to control the disease. c. In the field of clinical medicine. Chest x-ray diagnostics, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, randomized controlled trial, regimens of chemotherapy, open chest surgery, anesthesiology, treatment of respiratory failure, informed consent, terminal care and cooperative study system. d. In the field of rehabilitation. Medical, vocational and social rehabilitation of the handicapped. e. In the field of public health. Comprehensive control system of the chronic disease. Smallpox has been eradicated, but the elimination of tuberculosis is still far away. Studies as excellent as past ones should intensively be carried out.
 ...
PMID:[The sequelae of tuberculosis]. 221 6

Through the advancement of biological and medical sciences and the application of modern technology, the disease burden imposed by viral, chlamydial and rickettsial disease has steadily decreased. Smallpox has been eradicated, poliomyelitis is under control in many countries, and measles, mumps and rubella viruses may eventually be eliminated in many developed countries. New and improved vaccines have also recently become available for rabies and hepatitis. These are major advancements. Not to be overshadowed however, are the developments which may lead to the prevention or control of other infectious diseases. For many agents, recently acquired knowledge relating to virology, replication, structural and genetic characteristics, and host responses to infection pave the way for disease intervention in numerous ways. For other agents, recent advances in molecular biology make possible new classes of effective vaccines. It is crucial that these advances be incorporated as soon as possible into effective public health programmes for developing as well as developed nations. Much work yet remains, particularly in the prevention and control of respiratory diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, vector-borne diseases and hepatitis. The WHO Viral Diseases Programme has a major role in supporting laboratory and field research on new technologies and intervention strategies, in disseminating technological advances through teaching and training, and in translating the newer knowledge into action programmes for the prevention and control of viral, chlamydial and rickettsial diseases.
 ...
PMID:The WHO programme for prevention and control of viral, chlamydial, and rickettsial diseases. Brief review. 619 71

Two hundred years ago Edward Jenner inoculated James Phipps with vaccinia and 181 years later smallpox had disappeared from the surface of the earth as a result of generalized vaccination. Compared to the requirements of modern vaccinology, the procedures used by Jenner and his successors, were extremely primitive because of an almost total lack of knowledge in the field of microbiology and immunology. The active principle of smallpox vaccine is vaccinia virus, which in many respects, differs from that of natural cowpox; the term "cowpox" has been used for more than a century and a half to designate the vaccine; it appears itself to be a misnomer, because it is most probably by a virus of rodents, which only occasionally infects bovines or other species, especially cats. The origin of vaccinia remains doubtful, but a plausible explanation is that it is derived from horse-pox. Jenner was convinced that he was working with a virus of equine origin, which was occasionally transmitted from the horse to the cow by the personnel on the farms. Horse pox has now completely disappeared. Especially during the first years after Jenner's discovery, great confusion was caused by other lesions on the cow's udder, which were called "spurious cowpox". We know today that these lesions could be caused by the viruses of papular stomatitis, pseudo-cowpox or para-vaccinia (milker's nodules), herpes mammilitis and papillomatosis; they could not be differentiated from those of cowpox or vaccinia, in addition lesions due to bacteria or other causes also led to confusion. During the first eighty years the vaccine was being transferred almost exclusively from arm to arm with the risks inherent in this procedure; one of the reasons for applying this method was the fear of "bestialization" thought to be linked with the use of material of animal origin. Several contaminations have been observed as a result of the use of the arm-to-arm procedure: smallpox was transmitted, especially in the beginning, because vaccinations were carried out in a contaminated environment. Syphilis was diagnosed in several countries after the use of vaccine taken from syphilis patients. At least two foci of hepatitis were reported after the use of contaminated human lymph. Transmission of tuberculosis or what was then designated as scrofulosis was unlikely, but was used as one of the main arguments against vaccination by the antivaccinists. Varicella and measles were transmitted from time to time with the vaccine and also bacterial infections, such as staphylococci, streptococci e.a. From the global point of view, however, the number of contaminations remained limited in comparison with the large numbers of vaccinations that were performed. Another problem the early vaccinators were facing, was that of the decline and disappearance of the immunity after a certain number of years. Jenner and his successors believed that the immunity post vaccination would be lifelong as it was after variolation. When in the early part of the 19th century more and more immunity breakdowns occurred, this observation led to total confusion and it took dozens of years of debate and controversy before the only logical and efficacious measure, i.e. revaccination, was generally accepted and implemented. In the last third of the 19th century "human lymph", obtained by arm-to-arm vaccination, was gradually replaced everywhere by animal lymph i.e. vaccine produced on the skin of animals, mainly calves. The determining factor in the switch was the risk of vaccination syphilis. Everywhere vaccine institutes were created, where the vaccinia virus was propagated on the skin of calves. The harvested virus served each time for the inoculation of fresh calves; this resulted in a gradual increase of the number of passages leading to the possible risk of overattenuation. To avoid this risk, passages in man, donkeys, rabbits or other species were performed from time to time.
 ...
PMID:[Jenner's cowpox vaccine in light of current vaccinology]. 902 32

Internal medicine in the last 40 years has known many eminent teachers at universities, such as Hijmans van den Bergh, Van Buchem, Borst, Mulder, Lindeboom, De Langen, Hulst, Jordan, Formijne, Major, Snapper, Groen and Querido, and others outside universities such as Stuyt, Van Hees, Eindhoven, Pannekoek, Schalm, Bruins Slot, Heeres, Stolte and Pompen. The main scientific platform on which the bequeathors assembled in the first few decades after World War II was the Algemene Ziektekundige Vereniging ('General Medical Association'), which met in Utrecht. Important medical steps forward in that period were the virtually complete eradication of tuberculosis in the Netherlands, the developing of vaccines against smallpox and polio, but also against the various types of virus hepatitis, and the progress in intensive care, transplantation and molecular biology. The Nederlandsche Internisten Vereeniging ('Dutch Association of Internists') has had its own scientific journal since 1958. Essentials in modern internal medicine are appropriate care and demonstrated usefulness of a treatment (evidence-based medicine); standards, values and ethics are core issues, as are quality control and cost control. Change is also in progress in the doctor-patient relationship, as manifested in the Wet Geneeskundige Behandelingsovereenkomst ('Medical Treatment Accord Act').
 ...
PMID:[Internal medicine in the last 40 years]. 916 62

The effects of immunisation programmes that have existed for several decades in developed countries are demonstrated by the decrease and even eradication of smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and hepatitis B. Cost, health policy and spontaneous evolution in the incidence of communicable diseases have a decisive influence on the use of a vaccine. Investment in vaccination policy has to be encouraged to maintain this progress made in the control of infectious diseases and to meet new challenges. Studies re-evaluating ongoing immunisation programmes are scarce. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that for vaccination against hepatitis B in professionally exposed at-risk populations, arguments for positive returns are consistent. The same holds for vaccination against S. pneumoniae and for influenza virus in the elderly. The results of the economic evaluation of revaccination against measles, when insufficient coverage exists, are inconclusive. Universal vaccination of children against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and of children of hepatitis B-positive mothers against hepatitis may require costs to be paid in order to gain extra health benefits.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacoeconomics of immunisation: a review. 1014 92


1 2 3 Next >>