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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) cause lower genital tract infections (cervicitis, vaginitis) or ascending infections of the fallopian tubes, and, possibly, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The syphilis bacterium, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the hepatitis virus cause systematic disease. Although oral contraceptives (OCs) are the most reliable contraceptive method, they have limited anti-STD properties and their relationship with STDs remain unclear. Various mechanisms explain a protective role of OCs against STDs; however, in no way can OCs be considered a safe anti-STD contraceptive method, when compared to specific barrier methods, which provide both contraception and anti-STD protection. The above has been confirmed by a recent study performed in our institution where 10.3% and 6.9% of OC users presented a prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma, respectively, when compared to 0% and 4.5% infection rates found among condom users. It is concluded that although OCs possess some anti-STD properties, mainly in the prevention of PID, they should be used in combination with a barrier method.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases and oral contraceptive use during adolescence. 923 95

To identify and describe implementation of state-level informed consent requirements for adolescent immunizations, current state regulations on informed consent and immunization services for children and adolescents were identified through the LEXIS-NEXIS legal data base. Regulations were coded for informed consent characteristics, consent exemptions, and current immunization requirements. State immunization program directors, project managers, and state hepatitis coordinators were surveyed to catalogue how regulations were implemented and document new policies or regulations under consideration. Parental consent for immunizations is standard practice in 43 states. Most states (n = 34) require separate consent for each injection when more than one injection is required to complete a vaccination, but only for a limited number of medical procedures. Nine states allow adolescents to self-consent for hepatitis B vaccination in sexually transmitted disease clinics and family planning clinics as part of the exemption for minors' receipt of sexual health services. Most states require consent for vaccination services provided to adolescents. Parental consent requirements are a potential barrier to vaccinating adolescents in some settings.
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PMID:Consent for adolescent vaccination: issues and current practices. 935 78

A serologic study of 230 female and 43 male-to-female transsexual Greek prostitutes from the Greater Athens area failed to confirm an association between hepatitis infection and active syphilis. Study participants were recruited at presentation to the Ministry of Health venereal diseases clinic for periodic medical examination. Rapid plasma reagin and treponemal tests indicated 4.3% of female prostitutes and 20.9% of transsexuals had active syphilis infection. The rates of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus were 50.4% and 3.9%, respectively, among female prostitutes and 65.1% and 4.7%, respectively, among transsexuals. Stratified analysis failed to detect any significant association between syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen carriership, and exposure to hepatitis B or C infection within the two groups of sex workers. In addition, there was no significant association between syphilis, age of the sex worker, and years of legalized prostitution. It appears that, in these two populations, a syphilis diagnosis leads to intensive self-protective prevention measures against other sexually transmitted infections.
Int J STD AIDS 1997 Nov
PMID:Infection by hepatitis B and C virus in female and transsexual Greek prostitutes with serological evidence of active syphilis. 936 44

This article provides population-based estimates of the prevalence of patient-reported sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and characterizes patterns of treatment utilization according to specific STDs and client characteristics in the US. Using data from the 1992 National Health and Social Life Survey, which included 3432 persons aged 18-59, an estimated 2 million STDs were self-reported in the previous year, and 22 million 18-59 year olds self-reported lifetime STDs. Respondents reported bacterial STDs (gonorrhea, chlamydia, nongonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and syphilis) more than viral STDs (genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis and HIV). About 49% of the respondents who had an STD mentioned having gone to a private practice for treatment, while only 5% had sought treatment at an STD clinic. Moreover, variations were seen in treatment-seeking for specific bacterial STDs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. Other factors that could influence where people go for treatment include gender, race, and income status. Characteristics of providers could also influence patient choice, such as geographic distribution, availability of support services, quality of care, convenience, and privacy.
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PMID:Where do people go for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases? 1002 27

This is a study conducted to establish the seroprevalence rate of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections among district jail inmates in Northern India. The subjects (240 males and 9 female inmates), aged 15-50 years, were asked to answer a questionnaire comprising their background characteristics, alleged criminal background, period of confinement in jail, sexual activity, and sexual partners. Any history of blood transfusion, injury, injecting drug use and drug addiction were also noted together with the level of AIDS awareness . Out of the 240 men, 115 were married and 125 were unmarried. Serum samples were obtained from these inmates and were tested for antibodies against HIV (1+2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The results indicated that 76.6% gave a history of penetrative sex with their wives or other females including casual sex partners and commercial sex workers (CSWs). 71.2% had had sex only with women, while 28.8% were homosexual or bisexual. Out of 131, 60 (45.8%) had been faithful to their partners, while 124 had experienced multiple sexual partners and 80.6% had had unprotected sex. Of the 100 who had had unprotected sex, 83 did so with CSWs. 126 inmates (52.75%) were addicted to alcohol, 44 (18.33%) to smack/charas, and 8 (3.33%) used intravenous drugs. On examination, 11.6% had active hepatitis, 10.4% with active pulmonary tuberculosis, 4.6% had syphilitic ulcers on the penis, and four-fifths of the teenagers had moderate to severe scabies. 1.3% of the subjects were HIV-1 positive, while 11.1% men and 22.2% women were positive for HBsAg. These results indicate a high prevalence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections in the studied area.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Jul
PMID:High prevalence of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections amongst the inmates of a district jail in Northern India. 1045 85

Inflammation of the liver is known as hepatitis. Six or seven viruses, hepatitis A-G, are responsible for the majority of cases of viral hepatitis. All of the types of hepatitis present with the same flu-like symptoms. In this first of a series of three articles, current knowledge regarding hepatitis A, B, and D will be reviewed. Fifty percent of hepatitis cases are due to hepatitis A. Hepatitis B is considered a sexually transmitted disease. Hepatitis D is an incomplete virus found accompanying Hepatitis B. Every phase of patient care improves when health care professionals are knowledgeable regarding their clients' illnesses. This article presents our current scientific understanding of hepatitis A, B, and D viruses.
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PMID:Hepatitis A, B, and D. 1085 19

Chronic hepatitis B infection is frequently diagnosed within the genitourinary clinic setting with sexual transmission the commonest route of acquisition in the United Kingdom. Only 3--5% of adults who contract acute hepatitis B will progress to chronic infection, and these individuals can be identified by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the bloodstream 6 months after infection. Individuals at highest risk of long-term complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, carry HBeAg and have high levels of circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Therapy should be targeted towards this group of patients. Two forms of therapy are now licensed for use in chronic hepatitis B infection: interferon-alpha and lamivudine. Seroconversion occurs in 30--40% of patients treated with interferon and treatment is often limited by toxicity. Lamivudine is well tolerated with seroconversion rates of 15--20% at one year, rising with increasing duration of therapy. Long-term monotherapy is limited however by the development of resistance mutations and combination nucleoside therapy is likely to become the treatment of choice in the future. Patients with chronic hepatitis B should be counselled regarding transmission, partner vaccination and alcohol intake and co-infection with other hepatitis viruses should be excluded.
Int J STD AIDS 2001 Jun
PMID:The management of chronic hepatitis B infection. 1180 40

There is an urgent need for development of new serodiagnostic strategies for leptospirosis, an emerging zoonosis with worldwide distribution. We have evaluated the diagnostic utility of five recombinant antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. Sera from 50 healthy residents of a high-incidence region were used to determine cutoff values for 96% specificity. In paired sera from 50 cases of leptospirosis confirmed by the microscopic agglutination test, immunoglobulin G (IgG) but not IgM reacted with the recombinant leptospiral proteins. The recombinant LipL32 IgG ELISA had the highest sensitivities in the acute (56%) and convalescent (94%) phases of leptospirosis. ELISAs based on recombinant OmpL1, LipL41, and Hsp58 had sensitivities of 16, 24, and 18% during the acute phase and 72, 44, and 32% during convalescence, respectively. Compared to sera from healthy individuals, patient sera did not react significantly with recombinant LipL36 (P > 0.05). Recombinant LipL32 IgG ELISA demonstrated 95% specificity among 100 healthy individuals, and specificities ranging from 90 to 97% among 30 dengue patients, 30 hepatitis patients, and 16 patients with diseases initially thought to be leptospirosis. Among 39 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test-positive individuals and 30 Lyme disease patients, 13 and 23% of sera, respectively, reacted positively with the rLipL32 antigen. These findings indicate that rLipL32 may be an useful antigen for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis.
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PMID:Evaluation of recombinant Leptospira antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. 1152 67

The incidence of sexual assault continues to escalate, and it is under-reported. Victim care requires special attention in the emergency department because the history and physical examination are unique and frequently time consuming. The victim should receive counseling and treatment for potential STDs, HIV, and hepatitis exposure, while stressing the importance of follow-up care. The emergency department physician must fulfill obligations not only to the patient but also to law enforcement. To be done well, documentation of findings and the completion of the evidentiary portion of the exam require a familiarity with the process.
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PMID:Management of sexual assault. 1155 89

The objective of this study is to determine whether risk factor (RF) screening can be used instead of routine third-trimester testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia in a clinic setting. We performed prospective analysis of women entering prenatal care over a 10-month period. Patients included received combined gonorrhea and chlamydia screening by DNA probe at the first prenatal visit and in the third trimester. RF examined included age <20, marital status, history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) or hepatitis, drug use and gestational age at entry into prenatal care. Only women with negative initial screens were included in univariate and multivariate analyses. Five hundred forty-two women fulfilled study criteria. Sixty percent had 1 RF; 35% had a history of STD. Third-trimester screens were positive in 4.1%. The absence of RF had a negative predictive value of 99.1%. The sensitivity and specificity of RF screening was 90.9 and 40.7%, respectively (p = 0.003). The model of best fit was obtained using any positive RF and teen as independent variables (relative risk 6.9, 95% confidence interval 1.6-29.6, p = 0.01). In an urban clinic population, comprehensive RF screening is effective in predicting women at low risk for STD in the third trimester after an initial negative test.
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PMID:Can risk factor assessment replace universal screening for gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the third trimester? 1173 63


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