Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Improvement of epidemiological situation of infectious diseases was continued in Poland in 1999. The end of epidemics of measles, pertussis, mumps, scarlatine, chickenpox, and rubella was observed. In comparison with the number of cases of infectious diseases registered in 1998, decrease in the number of notified cases of salmonellosis, dysentery, meningitis, encephalitis, and hepatitis type B and A as well as increase in the number of influenza cases and trichinosis was noticed. In 1999, compared with 1998, among all notified deaths percentage of deaths attributed to infectious diseases (0.80%) and infectious diseases death rate (7.71 per 100,000) were slightly higher as an effect of the influenza deaths increase.
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PMID:[Infectious diseases in Poland in 1999]. 1155 72

Previous studies have suggested a relationship between reproductive history, pregnancy and birth factors, and the risk of neuroblastoma. We conducted a case-control telephone interview study that included a total of 504 children under the age of 19 years with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma identified by two national collaborative clinical trials groups, the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group. A total of 504 controls, matched to cases on age, were identified by random digit dialing. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the matched odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with adjustment for household income, and maternal race and education. In addition, case subgroups defined by age at diagnosis, tumour MYCN oncogene amplification status, and stage were evaluated. A suggestive pattern of increased risk was seen for a greater number of prior pregnancies, history of previous miscarriages and induced abortions, with nearly a twofold increase in risk for two or more prior induced abortions (OR = 1.9, 95% CI [1.0,3.7]). No association was found for the following diseases or conditions during pregnancy: hepatitis, rubella, measles, mumps, chickenpox, mononucleosis, vaccinations, morning sickness, pre-eclampsia, bleeding, proteinuria, anaemia, urinary tract infections, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease and diabetes. A weak association was found for hypertension during pregnancy. Several labour and delivery factors were related to an increased risk, including threatened miscarriage, anaesthetic during labour (specifically epidural) and caesarean delivery. We found associations between premature delivery (<33 weeks: OR = 1.9, 95% CI [0.7,4.8]), very low birthweight (<1500 g: OR = 2.6, 95% CI [0.7,10.3]) and risk of neuroblastoma. There was no consistent pattern of increased risk found for most factors within subgroups defined by age at diagnosis, stage or MYCN status.
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PMID:Association of pregnancy history and birth characteristics with neuroblastoma: a report from the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group. 1170 80

Although vaccination is above all an act of individual prevention, in the case of directly transmissible diseases the vaccination of individuals may contribute indirect protection through the group immunity effect known as collective or herd immunity. The effect is due to the reduced or absent contagiousness of immunized subjects and the reduced likelihood of encounters between contagious and receptive subjects when immunized subjects are numerous. For many diseases, a vaccination coverage of 80% is sufficient to prevent epidemics. Vaccines may be classified as strictly egoistic, strictly altruistic, or simultaneously egoistic and altruistic. Rabies vaccine, which offers 100% protection if administered in time, is an example of a strictly egoistic vaccine that offers no collective benefit. German measles vaccine is strictly altruistic, since it prevents a condition that is dangerous only during fetal development. Vaccines that are both altruistic and egoistic are numerous. Measles, diphtheria, and hepatitis vaccines are examples.
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PMID:[Egoistic vaccines. Altruistic vaccines]. 1232 49

No longitudinal study has investigated whether autoantibody titres and serum IgG levels correlate with disease activity in autoimmune liver disease. To determine this, we investigated prospectively 19 patients on 254 occasions between 10 months to 5 years from diagnosis. Nine had anti-nuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle antibody (ANA/SMA) positive autoimmune hepatitis (type 1 AIH), 5 liver kidney microsomal type 1 (LKM-1) positive AIH (type 2 AIH) and 5 ANA/SMA positive autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC). Correlation between IgG levels, titres of ANA, SMA and LKM-1 and levels of the organ specific autoantibodies anti-liver specific protein (anti-LSP), and anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor (anti-ASGPR) with biochemical evidence of disease activity, as measured by serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels, was sought during the course of the disease. AST levels correlated with levels of anti-LSP, anti-ASGPR and IgG in type 1 and 2 AIH, but not in ASC. Positive correlation with AST was also observed for LKM-1 titres in type 2 AIH and for SMA titres in type 1 AIH, but not in ASC. In both AIH and ASC, AST levels correlated with the T cell-dependent immune responses anti rubella IgG and anti tetanus toxoid IgG, but not with the T cell-independent IgG2 response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccaride. Our results indicate that measurement of organ and non-organ specific autoantibodies and IgG levels may be used to monitor disease activity in AIH.
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PMID:Organ and non-organ specific autoantibody titres and IgG levels as markers of disease activity: a longitudinal study in childhood autoimmune liver disease. 1276 77

The importance of rubella lies in the 15 to 20 per cent incidence of damage to the fetus when infection occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy. The "rubella syndrome" appears as various combinations of congenital defects, chiefly cardiac anomalies, cataracts and impaired hearing. Now that the rubella virus has been isolated and grown in tissue culture, it is possible to study the spread of the disease, to determine apparent and inapparent infection rates and to investigate the nature of fetal infection. It has been found that the disease is a highly contagious one in the family setting, and that inapparent infections are more common than overt cases with rash. Infection of the fetus in the early weeks of intrauterine life may become chronic, and virus has been recovered from placenta and fetal specimens collected at induced abortions many weeks after the maternal disease. Infants born with the rubella syndrome are still shedding virus at birth and may continue to do so for at least several months. Gamma globulin, which is effective in preventing measles and hepatitis, has not been highly effective in the prevention of rubella when given to those exposed to the disease. Successful control of the rubella problem will depend upon the development of an active vaccine, which is a possibility now that the virus can be grown in tissue culture.
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PMID:RUBELLA AND THE RUBELLA SYNDROME. NEW EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND VIROLOGIC OBSERVATIONS. 1429 64

Over the past several years, there has been an increase in knowledge pertaining to the diagnosis and management strategies for the herpes family (Types 1-8), the pox viruses, mumps, measles, rubella, and parvovirus B19 as well as the viral etiologies of hepatitis. Various antiviral treatments, such as nucleoside analogs and interferon therapy, have been available to reduce the signs and symptoms of these common viral infections. This article summarizes the preferred treatment strategies to be employed for each of the viruses for reducing severity, duration, recurrences (notably in the herpes family), transmission rates, as well as preventive alternatives. The majority of the therapeutic options attenuate the course of disease. Treatment decisions are driven by knowledge of the natural history and often are tailored to incorporate clinical circumstances for individual patients. Promotion of community awareness and the development of vaccines should be emphasized in the battle against these common viruses, particularly the herpes simplex viruses, the pox viruses, and hepatitis B.
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PMID:Therapy of other viral infections: herpes to hepatitis. 1557 96

Vaccination has demonstrated the capacity for the drastic decrease of the prevalence and incidence of several diseases of viral etiology and it has allowed their eradication. Among these human immuno preventable diseases are included poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox, rubella, hepatitis A and B, influenza A and yellow fever. In residents, travelers to endemic areas and personal at risk, the vaccines to Japanese and equine encephalitis, rabies and adenovirus can be applied. Venezuela has not escaped from the positive impact in the epidemiology of these illnesses as a consequence of the organization and implementation of big national vaccination campaigns; however, and in spite of these efforts, important outbreaks of measles, yellow fever, chicken pox and hepatitis have occurred in the last few years. The tools to eliminate the majority of these viral diseases exist in Venezuela as well as in other countries, and are readily available, effective and relatively not expensive, but require on the whole of an effort of authorities and communities. The implementation of these strategies should have the support of the World Health Organization and the Panamerican Health Organization. This is a priority for the next few years if our aim is the eradication of these illnesses from Venezuela, the continent and the world.
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PMID:[Control, elimination and eradication of viral immuno preventable diseases in Venezuela]. 1615 76

Not many inventions in medical history have influenced our society as much as vaccination. The concept is old and simple. When Edward Jenner published his work on cowpox, "variolation" was quite common. In this procedure, pus of patients with mild smallpox was transferred to healthy individuals. Meanwhile smallpox has been eradicated worldwide. Diseases such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria or tetanus almost disappeared in industrialized countries. The same happened with epiglottitis and meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) after vaccination against Hib was introduced in Switzerland in 1990. This success was possible because of routine vaccination. Immunization is a save procedure and adverse events are much lower than complications in the natural course of the prevented diseases. However vaccinations were accused to cause diseases themselves such as asthma, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic arthritis or autism. Hitherto no large cohort study or case-control-study was able to proof responsibility of vaccines in any of these diseases. Public media are eager to publish early data from surveillance reports or case reports which are descriptive and never a principle of cause and effect. In large controlled trials there was no proof that vaccination causes asthma, hepatitis-B-vaccination causes multiple sclerosis or macrophagic myofasciitis, Hib-vaccination causes diabetes mellitus, rubella-vaccination causes chronic arthritis, measles-mumps-rubella-vaccination causes gait disturbance or thiomersal causes autism. These results are rarely published in newspapers or television. Thus, many caring parents are left with negative ideas about immunization. Looking for the best for their children they withhold vaccination and give way to resurgence of preventable diseases in our communities. This must be prevented. There is more evidence than expected that vaccination is safe and this can and must be told to parents.
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PMID:[Does vaccination cause disease?]. 1627 33

Women may be infected during pregnancy with infectious agents that are often passed unnoticed; however, the causative agent may still traverse the placenta and infect the developing embryo and fetus. Several of these agents (i.e. rubella, cytomegalovirus or Toxoplasma Gondii) may cause severe fetal damage, but most other infections in pregnancy seem to be much less dangerous to the fetus. In this review we discuss the effects of several viral infections during pregnancy where the effects on the developing embryo and fetus are infrequent, but they may sometimes cause severe neonatal disease. The following viruses are discussed: coxsackie and echoviruses, measles and mumps, polioviruses, Japanese and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, West Nile virus and hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E. Coxsackie B virus may cause an increase in early spontaneous abortions and rarely, fetal myocarditis; echoviruses do not seem to damage the fetus; measles and mumps may cause increased early and late fetal death and neonatal measles or mumps. The viruses affecting the nervous system may increase early and late spontaneous abortions and, rarely, cause severe damage to the fetal brain. Hepatitis B virus has a high rate of vertical transmission causing fetal and neonatal hepatitis. Hepatitis A, C and E are rarely transmitted trans-placentally; if transmitted, they may cause hepatitis. There is no evidence that immunization in pregnancy against these diseases (with attenuated viruses) may adversely affect pregnancy outcome.
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PMID:Pregnancy outcome following infections by coxsackie, echo, measles, mumps, hepatitis, polio and encephalitis viruses. 1648 Aug 51

A 55 year old female presented with fever, skin rash and subconjunctival hemorrhage. She also developed hepatitis. Fever and skin rash lasted for more than three weeks. This patient was diagnosed to have rubella, highlighting the fact that rubella can present with atypical features like prolonged fever and rash, subconjunctival hemorrhage and hepatitis, especially in adults.
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PMID:Atypical presentation of adult rubella. 1689 22


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