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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The fingertip dermatoglyphic patterns were studied in 93 infants whose mothers had been given gamma globulin (GG) prophylaxis against hepatitis on known gestational dates. The prevalence of infants with whorl patterns on 0-3 fingertips and that of infants with ulnar loops on 9 or 10 fingertips were significantly higher (P < 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively) in offspring of women given prophylaxis during the first 162 days of pregnancy than in those whose mothers received GG at a later stage of gestation. These findings were particularly prominent in infants who had been exposed to > or = 5 ml of GG in the first 162 days of gestation. In light of these observations, and of previously noted dermatoglyphic changes in offspring of women who had gestational prophylaxis against rubella, it appears that exogenous GG can influence the prenatal development of fingertip skin ridge patterns, and that this influence is responsive to the gestational timing and dosage of GG administered.
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PMID:Dermatoglyphics in offspring of women given gamma globulin prophylaxis during pregnancy. 887 86

Viruses other than Hepatitis viruses i.e. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Rubella etc., can cause a clinical picture resembling that of viral hepatitis. Consequently, these viruses can falsely contribute to the diagnosis of Non-A, Non-B hepatitis amongst of sporadic jaundice. This study attempts to find out the possibility of occurrence of such an event.
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PMID:Non Hepatitis viruses in causation of acute sporadic non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. 897 19

Molecular biology techniques are applied for the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis due to herpesviruses, enteroviruses or polyomaviruses, for the diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus, human parvovirus B19, varicella-zoster virus and rubella virus infections occurring during pregnancy, for the diagnosis and the management of retrovirus infections (HIV and HTLV) and of hepatitis (HBV and HCV), for papillomavirus typing and to detect a link between virus and clinical manifestations (cardiomyopathy or insulinodependent diabetes with coxsackievirus B: Kaposi's sarcoma with HHV 8) or to investigate an environmental contamination with viruses. These new molecular markers which are both qualitative and quantitative represent an important advance in the field of viral diagnosis research, in the monitoring of viral load during the course of infection, in the therapy control of viral disease and in the epidemiology of virus spread. Standardization and automatization are obtained using available commercial reagents and kits.
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PMID:[Molecular biology at the service of the daily medical virology. 2. Applications to virological diagnosis]. 918 Sep 61

In the King Khalid University Hospital (Central Province) and King Fahad Hospital of the University (Eastern Province) Saudi Arabia, we identified 64 infants with cholestasis. The causes of cholestasis were idiopathic neonatal hepatitis in 29; extrahepatic biliary atresia in 17; neonatal hepatitis secondary to Rubella and Cytomegalovirus in six and four infants, respectively; paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts in six and galactosaemia in two. The diagnosis was confirmed by liver biopsy and or operative cholangiography, in all infants.
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PMID:Infantile cholestasis in the Central-Eastern Province Saudi Arabia. 923 32

Many complementary changes occur in a pregnant woman's immune system to protect the fetus from attack while maintaining maternal defenses against disease. Enhancements occur in immune elements that fight bacterial infections. Conversely, suppression of T-cell activity causes increased susceptibility to viral infections, such as hepatitis, rubella, herpes, and human papilloma virus, and leads to an irreversible reduction in helper T cells in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Local secretion of corticosteroids and changes in cytokine concentration in the reproductive tract protect the fetus from rejection. Understanding these changes assists the perinatal nurse in assessing and counseling women of childbearing age.
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PMID:Immunologic adaptations during pregnancy. 925 86

The incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in Italy is 10 per 100, 000 population, with most cases occurring in young adults. Vaccination against hepatitis B has been compulsory since 1991 for all newborns and 12-year-olds. In the Puglia region, this programme has reduced the incidence of hepatitis B from 7.4 per 100,000 population in 1990 to 2.4 per 100,000 population in 1996. The number of notified cases of hepatitis B in Puglia decreased from 212 in 1992 to 73 in 1997. As 50% of these cases occurred in young adults, the main aim of the current vaccination programme is to achieve high coverage rates among teenagers and young adults within the next few years. Although the incidence of hepatitis A is only about 5 per 100, 000 overall in Italy, Puglia is an area of intermediate endemicity with a seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) of about 40% in 18-year-olds. The incidence of hepatitis A is up to 30 per 100,000 between the periodic outbreaks that occur every 2-4 years. Most notified cases occur in adolescents and young adults. The last outbreak of about 11,000 cases of hepatitis A in the Puglia region occurred in 1996-1997, mainly in the summer months in towns with harbours or near the coast. The most important risk factor was initially consumption of raw seafood, but later was personal contact, probably between children. A vaccination programme against hepatitis A was initiated in Puglia in 1997, aiming to vaccinate all infants of 15-18 months and all 12-year-olds against hepatitis A. Infants receive monovalent hepatitis A vaccine with the first dose of mumps/measles/rubella vaccine. Monovalent hepatitis vaccine can be given with the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine in 12-year-olds, but use of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine is recommended to aid compliance and reduce the commitment of physician/nurse time. Vaccination can be performed in school.
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PMID:From hepatitis B to hepatitis A and B prevention: the Puglia (Italy) experience. 1068 58

Due to the urgency in choosing either clinical treatment or immediate surgical intervention, the study of the prolonged neonatal cholestasis involves two basic aims: the differential diagnosis between biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis and the research into the associated etiological agents. So, in a prospective trial carried out in the 70's, 77 children with prolonged neonatal cholestasis were studied in order to establish the differential diagnosis between biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis, followed by the evaluation of 108 children towards a pathogenesis of the prolonged neonatal cholestasis. The results of the differential diagnosis showed that within 18 items examined only 8 proved to be good biliary atresia indicators. They are as follows (in decreasing order): ductular proliferation (portal tracts), fibrosis (portal tracts), cholestasis (portal tracts), stools colour--acholia, hepatomegaly, canalicular cholestasis (lobule), infiltrate (portal tracts), giant cells (lobule). These eight items were then gathered in a sole indicator of great discriminative power, with a confidence level of 99%. The figures regarding the pathogenesis are: rubella virus 0%, herpes simplex virus 0%, listeriosis 0%, cytomegalovirus 2.2%, hepatitis B virus 2.4%, toxoplasmosis 2.8%, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 13.1%, syphilis 21.1%, autoantibodies against the liver 58.4%. Such work thus revealed that those eight most important factors when differentiating biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis remain as fundamental indicators and, when employed alongside other diagnostic methods, can help in the assembling of a multifactorial strategy less and less invasive and more precise. The pathogenic study, with its heavy dependency on time and place, has become more complete with the introduction of new diagnostic methods, evolving to the ideal progressive reduction of idiopathic processes.
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PMID:[Prolonged neonatal cholestasis: prospective study]. 1088 10

A prospective study was undertaken on the incidence of intrauterine infections by screening 1302 cord blood samples for total IgM by radial immunodiffusion. Specific IgM against cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella and Toxoplasma were estimated in cord blood samples found to contain total IgM > 20 mg/dl. All these neonates were examined at birth and at discharge. Cord blood samples with total IgM > 20 mg/dl were further screened for specific IgM against rubella, CMV and Toxoplasma. Neonates found to have positive specific IgM were followed-up for hearing, opthalmological and developmental assessment. Raised cord blood (IgM > 20 mg/dl) was found in 270/1302 (20.6 per cent). Mean birth weight was comparable in babies with raised (> 20 mg/dl) or low (< 20 mg/dl) cord blood total IgM. Incidence of prematurity and low birth weight were not statistically different in babies with raised cord blood IgM when compared to those with low cord blood IgM levels. Similarly, incidence of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) idiopathic was similar in two groups. Specific IgM for rubella was found to be positive in eight (0.6 per cent). Of these, three had symptomatic rubella infection. Two mothers of these symptomatic babies had exanthematous viral illness during first trimester. Specific IgM for CMV was found to be positive in 23 (1.8 per cent) while two infants had symptomatic CMV disease. None of the babies was found to have specific IgM against Toxoplasma. One baby with symptomatic CMV disease and one with rubella died. Another baby with symptomatic CMV disease developed neonatal hepatitis which improved on follow-up but the infant went on to develop sensorineural deafness. All other asymptomatic babies with specific IgM positive against rubella and CMV were found to have normal vision, hearing and development on follow-up.
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PMID:Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcome of intrauterine infections in neonates. 1089 16

CMV (cytomegalovirus) is one of the Herpesviridae, known for their potential for latency and reactivation. The sequelae of fetal infection are diverse: chronic stage of early fetal infection with brain anomalies, symptomatic late fetal infection with hepatitis and thrombocytopenia and asymptomatic infection. With any of these clinical phenotypes, permanent hearing loss is possible. CMV-infection is the only relevant viral cause of perinatal hearing loss because rubella, measles and mumps have become rare due to vaccination. Recent studies have suggested beneficial effects on outcome of i.v. ganciclovir treatment in symptomatic cases. We have recently taken the challenge of treating asymptomatic newborns on the basis of active sonographic brain lesions in order to prevent labyrinth destruction. We would also like to stress the importance of suspecting children with congenital hearing loss, or hearing loss that develops in the first year of life, of having an asymptomatic congenital CMV-infection. Follow up in the first years of life is necessary in these children because further progression of hearing loss is possible.
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PMID:Congenital CMV-infection and hearing loss. 1120 44

Syncytial giant cell hepatitis in the neonatal period has been associated with many different etiologic agents and may present initially as cholestasis. Infectious causes are most common and include: (1 ) generalized bacterial sepsis, (2) viral agents, (3) toxoplasmosis, (4) syphilis, (5) listeriosis, and (6) tuberculosis. Viral hepatitis may be due to cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, herpes simplex, HHV-6, varicella, coxsackievirus, echovirus, reovirus 3, parvovirus B19, HIV, enteroviruses, paramyxovirus, and hepatitis A, B, or C (rare). Giant cell hepatitis may result in fulminant liver failure with massive hepatocyte necrosis and severe liver dysfunction leading to death, resolution with severely compromised liver function, or liver transplantation. The authors report a 6-week-old male who had an unremarkable perinatal period, became jaundiced after developing diarrhea, and subsequently developed liver dysfunction with massively increased liver enzymes and a coagulopathy. Open wedge and core liver biopsies were performed to determine if the patient should be listed for liver transplantation. Giant cell hepatitis with a significant mixed lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltrate was present on both the wedge and core biopsies. The residual 60% of hepatocytes had ballooning degeneration and many possessed pyknotic nuclei. The hepatocytes were arranged in a pseudoacinar pattern. Electron microscopy showed paramyxoviral-like inclusions in the giant cells, characterized as large inclusions with fine filamentous, beaded substructures (18-20 nm). Paramyxoviridae are nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. This family is divided into the Paramyxovirinae subfamily containing respirovirus (Sendai virus, parainfluenza virus type 3), rubulavirus (mumps, parainfluenza virus type 2), and morbillivirus genera (measles); and Pneumovirinae subfamily (pneumovirus genus [respiratory syncytial virus]). Supportive care to determine if hepatic function resolves following the viral episode, liver transplantation with fulminant liver failure, and ongoing evaluation in those who recover to assess chronic liver disease are necessary. Ultrastructural evaluation may unmask the etiologic agent for hepatitis and direct therapy.
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PMID:Neonatal syncytial giant cell hepatitis with paramyxoviral-like inclusions. 1129 22


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