Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Monoclonal antibody-secreting cell lines were isolated after transformation of peripheral blood leukocytes with Epstein-Barr virus. Blood samples were obtained from human donors having circulating antibodies against hepatitis viruses (HAB, HBV), rubella, or rabies virus and from a chimpanzee infected with HAV. Dextran-isolated leukocytes were submitted to Epstein-Barr virus infection at low cell concentrations (1 X 10(4) cells X ml-1). Proliferating clones could be observed in 50-100% of the cultures within 4-6 weeks. Out of 1 ml blood (1 X 10(6) leukocytes) 1-10 stable clones were isolated, secreting specific anti-viral antibodies. These clones were fused with an aminopterin-sensitive, ouabain-resistant, non-immunoglobulin producing mouse-human hybridoma (Org MHH.1). From such fusions 10-90% of the cultures yielded viable hybridomas of which 45% produced antibodies with the same specificity as of the parental EBV transformant. Immunoglobulin production of both EBV transformants and hybridomas was shown to be stable for more than 6 months and at a concentration up to 100 micrograms X ml-1 X 48 h-1. Chimpanzee EBV-transformed lymphocytes proliferated excellently in vitro. Mouse-human hybridomas, however, could be more easily cultivated, cloned and scaled up than the parental EBV-transformed lymphocytes. In conclusion, stable, monoclonal antibody-secreting cell lines of either human or chimpanzee origin could be isolated with an efficiency that exceeds by 10-100-fold standard murine hybridoma technology.
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PMID:Human and chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies. 298 74

Some of the main challenges I encountered in clinical virology from 1958-1974 are described. In the earlier years there were two main areas of exploration, namely, neurological and respiratory infections. Later, tests for hepatitis and for rubella were developed and these diseases became of increasing importance.
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PMID:Challenges in clinical virology (1958-1974): a personal viewpoint. 299 26

Sera from 82 patients with acute or chronic hepatitis and 40 chronic carriers of hepatitis B were examined by ELISA and immunoblotting for reactivity with the glycolytic enzyme aldolase. The results of the ELISA tests, expressed as a percentage of a positive control, were compared to those obtained with sera from 39 patients with rubella, 11 with cytomegalovirus infection and 74 healthy subjects. The ELISA reaction with sera, expressed as mean +/- standard deviation was, for 15 patients with hepatitis A, 58.3 +/- 20.5%; 15 with hepatitis B, 59.5 +/- 42.18; 23 with hepatitis non-A, non-B 51.1 +/- 34.4%; 11 with HBsAg positive chronic active hepatitis, 70.1 +/- 31.5%; and 17 with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, 66.8 +/- 21.4%. All values were significantly (p less than 0.05-p - less than 0.001) higher than those obtained with sera from carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, 25.6 +/- 27.2%; rubella, 21.1 +/- 20.0%; cytomegalovirus infection, 19.2 +/- 27.8%; or healthy subjects, 20.9 +/- 16.2%. In two randomly selected sera, reactivity with aldolase by ELISA was neutralized by absorption with the enzyme. Selected sera showing reactivity by ELISA reacted by immunoblotting with aldolase. The findings suggest that acute or chronic liver damage may provoke the production of autoantibodies to aldolase.
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PMID:Autoantibody to aldolase in acute and chronic hepatitis. 332 40

Active surveillance techniques using routine telephone contacts with providers improved the reporting of measles, rubella, salmonellosis, and hepatitis by a factor of 4.6 among private physicians in Monroe County, New York, and increased reporting for these target diseases from all sources by 51 percent. The timeliness of reporting was not improved by active surveillance. Reporting patterns varied by disease and source of report, suggesting the desirability of various approaches to surveillance based on local resources and priorities. Although reporting rates were higher for diseases among persons from census tracts of low socioeconomic status, physicians providing care to persons living in low-income areas responded no differently to active reporting than did those providing care to patients from middle- and high-income areas.
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PMID:A controlled trial of disease surveillance strategies. 345 1

Regarding of microbiological aspects of arthritis three forms of joint diseases are under investigation: the septic arthritis, the reactive arthritis and the Rheumatoid Arthritis. In 95% of patients with septic arthritis microorganisms as causative agents responsible for the disease are described: Staphylococci, Streptococci, some gram-negative bacteria. By an haematogenic route of infection predominantly patients with immunosuppressive therapy are altered. In newborns and children septic arthritis is to observe more rarely. A reactive arthritis is a postinfectious sterile process in dependence on an infection occurred at an earlier time. As etiologic agents Yersinia, Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacter have been discovered. 80% of the patients suffering such a reactive arthritis are carrier of the HLA-B27 system. The etiology of the Rheumatoid Arthritis is an open, unanswered problem. Of importance are: immunogenetic conditions, autoimmune phenomena, endocrinologic, dietetic and psychologic factors as well as bacteria and viruses as causative agents: cocci, bacilli, Diphteroids, endoparasitic bacteria (Listeria, L-forms, Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae), viruses (Adeno-, Mumps-, Measles-, ECHO-, Coxsackie-A- and B-, Hepatitis-, Cytomegalo-, Para-influenza-, Retro-, Parvo- and Rubella viruses). In the last years the EBV is of interest covering the question of a distinct virus persistence in tissues and the adequate limiting factors. Perhaps a defect of the hu-IFN-gamma-system might be of immunopathological and clinical significance.
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PMID:[Microbiologic aspects of inflammatory joint diseases]. 367 41

In 1814, George Maton, first recognized that a mild illness characterized by rash, adenopathy, and little or no fever was a discrete entity. Henry Veale, in 1866, named the disease rubella. The illness attracted little attention until 1942, when Norman Gregg noticed that first-trimester maternal rubella caused serious birth defects. The full spectrum and impact of rubella embryopathy remained unclarified until rubella virus was isolated in tissue culture in 1962 by two independent groups: Parkman, Buescher, and Artenstein; and Neva and Weller. Using the new tools of the virus laboratory, many investigators concentrated on the consequences of a severe rubella epidemic in 1964, which affected approximately 1% of pregnancies. Newly recognized transient manifestations of congenital rubella infection (CRI) include neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura, hepatitis, bone lesions, and meningoencephalitis and late-emerging sequelae such as diabetes mellitus and progressive rubella panencephalitis added to the cataract, heart disease, mental retardation, and deafness previously defined as due to CRI. Sharp contrasts were documented between the patterns of virus excretion and immune response of postnatal vs. congenital rubella. Licensure and widespread distribution of attenuated rubella virus vaccines in 1969 have prevented epidemic rubella. Pockets of illness remain, even in the United States. Continued effort will be required to eliminate the rubella problem.
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PMID:The history and medical consequences of rubella. 389 Jan 5

During 1982-3, 31 specific and 12 uncharacterized infections were reported from 30 of 240 laboratories, representing 29 223 person-years of experience. Thirteen cases of hepatitis included 10 of type B or non-A, non-B hepatitis of probable occupational origin (attributable incidence 34.2 per 100 000 person years) affecting haematology, biochemistry, and postmortem workers. Of nine cases of tuberculosis, three were probably acquired in the laboratory (attributable incidence 10.3 per 100 000 person years) and affected microbiology, morbid anatomy, and postmortem staff. Microbiology staff also acquired, probably from the laboratory, four shigella infections and one each of brucella and herpes. The general community was the probable source of three cases of hepatitis A, two of rubella, and one of varicella. During the two years the risk of laboratory acquired infection mainly concerned the postmortem room and mortuary.
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PMID:Infections in British clinical laboratories, 1982-3. 392 28

Rubella accompanied by serum aminotransferase elevations occurred in a 24-year-old woman. Although not generally recognized, hepatic involvement in adult rubella was the probable cause of her liver function test abnormalities. Sporadic hepatitis labeled as non-A, non-B may result from infection by common viruses such as rubella.
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PMID:Hepatitis in an adult with rubella. 405 Aug 36

Through the advancement of biological and medical sciences and the application of modern technology, the disease burden imposed by viral, chlamydial and rickettsial disease has steadily decreased. Smallpox has been eradicated, poliomyelitis is under control in many countries, and measles, mumps and rubella viruses may eventually be eliminated in many developed countries. New and improved vaccines have also recently become available for rabies and hepatitis. These are major advancements. Not to be overshadowed however, are the developments which may lead to the prevention or control of other infectious diseases. For many agents, recently acquired knowledge relating to virology, replication, structural and genetic characteristics, and host responses to infection pave the way for disease intervention in numerous ways. For other agents, recent advances in molecular biology make possible new classes of effective vaccines. It is crucial that these advances be incorporated as soon as possible into effective public health programmes for developing as well as developed nations. Much work yet remains, particularly in the prevention and control of respiratory diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, vector-borne diseases and hepatitis. The WHO Viral Diseases Programme has a major role in supporting laboratory and field research on new technologies and intervention strategies, in disseminating technological advances through teaching and training, and in translating the newer knowledge into action programmes for the prevention and control of viral, chlamydial and rickettsial diseases.
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PMID:The WHO programme for prevention and control of viral, chlamydial, and rickettsial diseases. Brief review. 619 71

Some problems concerning the use of antiviral vaccines are reviewed. Particularly various aspects regarding both intensively used vaccines (small-pox, polio and influenza) and selectively used vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, parainfluenza and Adenovirus) as well as vaccines under testing (anti-V-Z and hepatitis) are evidenced.
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PMID:[Advances in the field of antiviral vaccines]. 626 66


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