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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The latest recommendations for immunization for overseas travel by British nationals as of June 1978 are summarized. Immunizations are divided into 2 groups, 1) those required by International Health Regulations, and 2) those medically recommended. The WHO requires vaccination for smallpox, cholera and yellow fever, recorded on official WHO forms. Yellow fever vaccinations are good for 10 years, and are only given at special locations. Live viral vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever and polio) should be given 3 weeks apart if possible. Contraindications against receiving these vaccines are listed, along with alternate procedures in such cases. Vaccines in the medically recommended group include typhoid-paratyphoid, tetanus, poliomyelitis, plague, typhus and immunoglobulin for infective hepatitis. A polyvalent vaccine for typhoid, paratyphoid A and B, and tetanus is available. The effectiveness of paratyphoid B vaccine is in dispute, and reactions are troublesome. Tetanus and polio immunizations are a must. Plague and typhus shots often produce reactions, and the immunity is not always good, but injections are highly recommended for those travelling in the interior of affected areas. Rabies vaccination is not recommended unless the traveller is to work as a veterinarian. Measles and BCG are suggested for children who are going to live in endemic areas.
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PMID:Immunization for overseas travel. 68 32

In this review of studies on the hemorrhagic fevers of Southern Africa carried out in the South African Institute for Medical Research, attention has been called to occurrence of meningococcal septicemia in recruits to the mining industry and South African Army, to cases of staphylococcal and streptococcal septicemia with hemorrhagic manifestations, and to the occurrence of plague which, in its septicemic form, may cause a hemorrhagic state. "Onyalai," a bleeding disease in tropical Africa, often fatal, was related to profound thrombocytopenia possibly following administration of toxic witch doctor medicine. Spirochetal diseases, and rickettsial diseases in their severe forms, are often manifested with hemorrhagic complications. Of enterovirus infections, Coxsackie B viruses occasionally caused severe hepatitis associated with bleeding, especially in newborn babies. Cases of hemorrhagic fever presenting in February-March, 1975 are described. The first outbreak was due to Marburg virus disease and the second, which included seven fatal cases, was caused by Rift Valley fever virus. In recent cases of hemorrhagic fever a variety of infective organisms have been incriminated including bacterial infections, rickettsial diseases, and virus diseases, including Herpesvirus hominis; in one patient, the hemorrhagic state was related to rubella. A boy who died in a hemorrhagic state was found to have Congo fever; another patient who died of severe bleeding from the lungs was infected with Leptospira canicola, and two patients who developed a hemorrhagic state after a safari trip in Northern Botswana were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. An illness manifested by high fever and melena developed in a young man after a visit to Zimbabwe; the patient was found to have both malaria and Marburg virus disease.
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PMID:The hemorrhagic fevers of Southern Africa with special reference to studies in the South African Institute for Medical Research. 689 72

Epidemic emergencies have shown increasing trend in India and most parts of the country appear to be vulnerable to these emergencies. In this paper we present a profile of epidemic emergencies attended by the National Institute of Communicable Diseases in the last five years, to delineate aspects that will promote better preparedness and management. Water borne and water related disease epidemics constituted more than 70% of the epidemic emergencies in India. Non 01 cholera epidemics constituted one fourth of total cholera epidemics during 1991-95. Most of the hepatitis outbreaks were attributed to Non A Non B. The source of infection in majority of the cholera and jaundice epidemics was contaminated water. Dengue and resistant typhoid fever were among other emergencies reported during last five years. Some of these epidemic were reported to local health authorities as mysterious diseases due to lack of public health laboratory facilities. Encephalitis and encephalitis like epidemics in the form of Liquor poisoning and chronic Heat syndrome encephalopathy were also observed. The re-emerging disease epidemics like plague in Beed, Pneumonic plague in Surat and malaria in Rajasthan were also investigated during 1994. These observations indicate the weakness in the epidemiological and laboratory surveillance besides inadequacy in water management practices and other socio environmental reasons.
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PMID:Profile of epidemic emergencies in India during 1991-95. 881 Jan 49

The fiber-optic biosensor, originally developed to detect hazardous biological agents such as protein toxins or bacterial cells, has been utilized to quantify the concentration of serum antiplague antibodies. This biosensor has been used to detect and quantify the plague fraction 1 antigen in serum, plasma, and whole-blood samples, but its ability to quantify serum antibodies has not been demonstrated. By using a competitive assay, the concentration of serum antiplague antibodies was ascertained in the range of 2 to 15 microgram/ml. By making simple dilutions, concentrations for 11 serum samples whose antiplague antibody concentrations were unknown were determined and were found to be in good agreement with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results. The competitive assay method could be used to effectively determine the exposure to plague of animals or humans or could be applied to other diseases, such as hepatitis or AIDS, where the presence of antibodies is used to diagnose infection.
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PMID:Quantifying serum antiplague antibody with a fiber-optic biosensor. 972 24

A plaque assay for duck plague virus was developed for a chicken embryo-adapted virus and a duck lethal virus and used to determine the identity of these viruses. Using the plaque inhibition neutralization test, duck plague virus was differentiated from Newcastle disease, fowl plague, and duck hepatitis viruses. The plaque morphology is described.
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PMID:A plaque assay for duck plague virus. 1584 2

A cougar (Felis concolor) was diagnosed with hepatic yersiniosis by bacterial culture and histopathology. The animal had a 2-week history of anorexia and jaundice before its death. Grossly, the liver exhibited caseo-necrotic foci. Histopathologically, there was necrotizing and suppurative hepatitis, with large numbers of intralesional gram-negative coccobacilli. Additional hepatic lesions included central vein thrombosis, lymphoplasmacytic portal hepatitis, and capsulitis. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis coccobacilli were isolated in pure culture from the hepatic lesions. Because the hepatic lesions in this animal resemble those of other zoonotic diseases, such as plague and tularemia, veterinarians and laboratory personnel who handle samples should take adequate safety precautions. This report is the first to describe the pathology associated with hepatic yersiniosis in a cougar.
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PMID:Hepatic yersiniosis in a cougar (Felis concolor). 1703 28

Although some previously common infections, such as Sendai virus and Mycoplasma pulmonis, have become rare in laboratory rodents in North American research facilities, others continue to plague researchers and those responsible for providing biomedical scientists with animals free of adventitious disease. Long-recognized agents that remain in research facilities in the 21st century include parvoviruses of rats and mice, mouse rotavirus, Theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and pinworms. The reasons for their persistence vary with the agent. The resilience of parvoviruses, for example, is due to their resistance to inactivation, their prolonged shedding, and difficulties with detection, especially in C57BL/6 mice. Rotavirus also has marked environmental resistance, but periodic reintroduction into facilities, possibly on bags of feed, bedding, or other supplies or equipment, also seems likely. TMEV is characterized by resistance to inactivation, periodic reintroduction, and relatively long shedding periods. Although MHV remains active in the environment at most a few days, currently prevalent strains are shed in massive quantities and likely transmitted by fomites. Pinworm infestations continue because of prolonged infections, inefficient diagnosis, and the survivability of eggs of some species in the environment. For all of these agents, increases in both interinstitutional shipping and the use of immunodeficient or genetically modified rodents of unknown immune status may contribute to the problem, as might incursions by wild or feral rodents. Elimination of these old enemies will require improved detection, strict adherence to protocols designed to limit the spread of infections, and comprehensive eradication programs.
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PMID:Old enemies, still with us after all these years. 1850 62

We developed a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the detection of duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) in the tissues of infected and clinically affected ducks and in chick and duck embryos. We found the assay to be effective in detecting the virus in China, where it is being used in studies on the epidemiology of the disease. We applied this simple and rapid diagnostic method to the detection of DHV isolates grown in chick and duck embryos and in tissues obtained from infected birds. The assay also proved useful for the differentiation of DVH from the duck plague virus (DPV), muscovy parvovirus (MPV), gosling parvovirus (GPV), avian influenza virus (AIV/H5N1), Pasteurella multocida (PA/5:A), Riemerella anatipestifer (RA/serotype 1), and Salmonella enteritidis (SE). The limit of the sensitivity of this method for the detection of DHV-1 RNA was 3 pg/10 microl. As compared to ELISA and virus isolation, the rate of agreement for the detection of experimentally infected livers was 100%; moreover, the RT-PCR method was also capable of detecting DHV-1 RNA from the livers that had been infected and stored at -20 degrees C for 22 years; in contrast, ELISA and virus isolation method could only detect DHV-1 from the livers that had been infected and stored at -20 degrees C for 13 and 11 years, respectively. The rate of positivity in 185 clinically suspected diseased livers subjected to detection by RT-PCR, ELISA, and virus isolation was 89.2%, 69.2%, and 55.7%, respectively. These results indicated that the RT-PCR approach is rapid, sensitive, and reliable for the detection and differentiation of DHV-1 from the other clinical samples and suspected isolates.
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PMID:Development and application of a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect Chinese isolates of duck hepatitis virus type 1. 1947 29

An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) method was developed for the efficient detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus (DEV) using polyclonal antibodies. Ducks and rabbits were immunized, respectively, with expressed UL24 recombinant protein. The IgG antibodies against UL24 from ducks and rabbits were purified and used as the capture antibodies. The specificity of the optimized AC-ELISA was evaluated by use of DEV, duck hepatitis virus (DHV), duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), gosling plague virus (GPV), Riemerella anatipestifer (R.A.), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pasteurella multocida (P.M.) and Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.). Only DEV specimens yielded a specific and strong signal. The limit of the sensitivity of this method for the detection of DEV was 46 ng/100 microl. Compared with PCR and virus isolation, the rate of agreement for the detection of experimentally infected sera was 100%. A comparative test used on clinical specimens between the neutralization test and the AC-ELISA showed that the proportions of true positives and true negatives by the AC-ELISA were 0.90 and 0.67 respectively. These results indicated that the AC-ELISA approach is rapid, sensitive, and reliable for specific detection of DEV antigen.
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PMID:Development and evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for detection of the UL24 antigen of the duck enteritis virus, based on a polyclonal antibody against the UL24 expression protein. 1946 66

We developed a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the detection of duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) in the tissues of infected and clinically affected ducks and in chick and duck embryos. We found the assay to be effective in detecting the virus in China, where it is being used in studies on the epidemiology of the disease. We applied this simple and rapid diagnostic method to the detection of DHV isolates grown in chick and duck embryos and in tissues obtained from infected birds. The assay also proved useful for the differentiation of DVH from the duck plague virus (DPV), muscovy parvovirus (MPV), gosling parvovirus (GPV), avian influenza virus (AIV/H5N1), Pasteurella multocida (PA/5:A), Riemerella anatipestifer (RA/serotype 1), and Salmonella enteritidis (SE). The limit of the sensitivity of this method for the detection of DHV-1 RNA was 3 pg/10 microl. As compared to Dot-ELISA and virus isolation, the rate of agreement for the detection of experimentally infected livers was 100%; moreover, the RT-PCR method was also capable of detecting DHV-1 RNA from the livers that had been infected and stored at -20 degrees C for 22 years; in contrast, Dot-ELISA and virus isolation method could only detect DHV-1 from the livers that had been infected and stored at -20 degrees C for 13 and 11 years, respectively. The rate of positivity in 185 clinically suspected diseased livers subjected to detection by RT-PCR, Dot-ELISA, and virus isolation was 89.2%, 69.2%, and 55.7%, respectively. These results indicated that the RT-PCR approach is rapid, sensitive, and reliable for the detection and differentiation of DHV-1 from the other clinical samples and suspected isolates.
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PMID:Development and application of a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect Chinese isolates of duck hepatitis virus type 1. 1870 44


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