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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Influenza A virus is well known for its capability for genetic changes either through antigen drift or antigen shift. Antigen shift is derived from reassortment of gene segments between viruses, and may result in an antigenically novel virus that is capable of causing a worldwide pandemic. As we trace backwards through the history of influenza pandemics, a repeating pattern can be observed, namely, a limited wave in the first year followed by global spread in the following year. In the 20th century alone, there were three overwhelming pandemics, in 1918, 1957 and 1968, caused by H1N1 (Spanish flu), H2N2 (Asian flu) and H3N2 (Hong Kong flu), respectively. In 1957 and 1968, excess mortality was noted in infants, the elderly and persons with chronic diseases, similar to what occurred during interpandemic periods. In 1918, there was one distinct peak of excess death in young adults aged between 20 and 40 years old; leukopenia and hemorrhage were prominent features. Acute pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic pneumonia contributed to rapidly lethal outcome in young adults. Autopsies disclosed multiple-organ involvement, including pericarditis, myocarditis, hepatitis and splenomegaly. These findings are, in part, consistent with clinical manifestations of human infection with avian influenza A H5N1 virus, in which reactive hemophagocytic syndrome was a characteristic pathologic finding that accounted for pancytopenia, abnormal liver function and multiple organ failure. All the elements of an impending pandemic are in place. Unless effective measures are implemented, we will likely observe a pandemic in the coming seasons. Host immune response plays a crucial role in disease caused by newly emerged influenza virus, such as the 1918 pandemic strain and the recent avian H5N1 strain. Sustained activation of lymphocytes and macrophages after infection results in massive cytokine response, thus leading to severe systemic inflammation. Further investigations into how the virus interacts with the host's immune system will be helpful in guiding future therapeutic strategies in facing influenza pandemics.
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PMID:Influenza pandemics: past, present and future. 1644 64

Hepatitis A infection may result in acute hepatitis, and rarely, fulminant hepatitis may ensue. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis A are uncommon. The authors present the case of a 77-year-old male who had development of acute renal failure and pericarditis during the clinical course of acute hepatitis A infection. He died as a result of septic shock on the fifth day of hospitalization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of both these rare and serious complications appearing in the same patient.
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PMID:Acute pericarditis and renal failure complicating acute hepatitis A infection. 1646 28

Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), also known as hypersensitivity syndrome, is an idiosyncratic drug reaction presenting with fever, diffuse lymphadenopathy, exfoliative dermatitis, and visceral involvement, which may include hepatitis, pneumonitis, pericarditis, myocarditis, nephritis, and colitis. This report describes a 19-year-old, previously healthy man with manifestations of hypersensitivity (DRESS) syndrome after acquiring a titanium bioprosthesis for a spinal fracture. To our knowledge, there have been no prior reports of DRESS syndrome in association with titanium bioprosthetic implants.
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PMID:Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: suspected association with titanium bioprosthesis. 1787 38

Bartonella spp. constitute emerging pathogens of worldwide distribution. Bacillary angiomatosis is the most frequent skin manifestation of bartonelloses; nevertheless, B. henselae infection should always be considered systemic, especially in immunodeficient individuals. The authors report the case of an AIDS patient with bacillary angiomatosis, who had concurrent severe anemia, hepatitis, peritonitis, pleuritis, and pericarditis. Clinical manifestation, electronic microscopic examination of erythrocytes, and histopathology of a papule biopsy suggested a Bartonella sp. infection. Multiple genes were target by PCR and B. henselae DNA was amplified and sequenced (GenBank accession number EF196804) from the angiomatous papule. Treatment with clarithromycin resulted in resolution of the bacillary angiomatosis, fever, anemia, panserosites, and hepatitis.
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PMID:Severe anemia, panserositis, and cryptogenic hepatitis in an HIV patient infected with Bartonella henselae. 1809 54

The occurrence of listeriosis in 12 caged canaries is described where 50% of the birds, including the female and all of the offspring, died within 2 weeks without clinical signs. At necropsy, multifocal necrotizing and partly granulomatous hepatitis, splenitis, myocarditis, interstitial nephritis, and exudative pericarditis with intra-lesional Listeria monocytogenes were the predominant findings as shown by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Microbiology, serology and polymerase chain reaction revealed L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2a as the causative agent. Thus listeriosis has to be considered in the differential diagnosis for granulomas associated with mycobacteriosis, yersiniosis, coligranulomatosis or fungal infections.
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PMID:Systemic listeriosis in caged canaries (Serinus canarius). 1856 61

Thickened liver serosal membranes in 24 8-week-old male young broiler chickens with the ascitic syndrome were pathologically examined. Gross changes included inflammation of liver capsules (15/24 cases), right ventricular dilation (24/24 cases), pericarditis (5/24 cases), peritonitis (9/24 cases) and air sacculitis (7/24 cases). Histopathology revealed liver capsule thickening and focal hepatitis in all 24 cases, peri- and epi-carditis in 19 and myocarditis 11 cases. The thickened liver capsules consisted of spindle shaped-cells which reacted with anti-keratin rabbit serum and anti-vimentin monoclonal antibody, and formed cysts of varying size containing clear yellow fluid as ascitic fluid. The volume of sub-capsular fluid may have been responsible for the development of the cysts. The spindle-shaped cells were located perpendicular to the surface with thin bridges from the serosa together with a little collagen and vascularization. These changes were not observed in other serosal membranes in abdominal air sac or pericardium. We have therefore shown that the liver capsule thickening in the broilers ascites syndrome is characterized by mesothelial cell proliferation with vascularization.
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PMID:Liver capsule thickening characterized by mesothelial cell proliferation with vascularization in broilers ascites syndrome. 1864 45

Ischemic hepatitis, otherwise known as "shock liver", is characterized by a massive, but transient increase in serum transaminase levels, usually associated with cardiac failure. A patient who did not have a predisposition to hypoglycemia was discovered at home with disturbed consciousness caused by hypoglycemia. She had been diagnosed as having constrictive pericarditis several years earlier and had developed ischemic hepatitis. Though the high serum transaminase levels were rapidly normalized, severe jaundice gradually developed and the patient finally died of multiple organ failure. Hypoglycemia, which is considered secondary to reduced gluconeogenesis in the exhausted liver, is a rare complication of constrictive pericarditis.
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PMID:Chronic pericardial constriction induced severe ischemic hepatitis manifesting as hypoglycemic attack. 1900 47

Primary infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) commonly occurs subclinically or manifested by a self-limited mononucleosis-like syndrome in immunocompetent subjects. Severe clinical pictures are uncommon. We present a case of acute myopericarditis and hepatitis in a previously healthy 32-year-old man with primary CMV infection, assessed by serology and positive pp65 antigenemia. He was successfully treated with a course of oral valganciclovir therapy, with an immediate clinical response and normalization of laboratory tests. The literature on simultaneous presentation of CMV pericarditis and hepatitis in immunocompetent hosts, as well as the role of oral valganciclovir in this clinical setting, is reviewed.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus myopericarditis and hepatitis in an immunocompetent adult: successful treatment with oral valganciclovir. 1901 8

Intrarenal abscesses remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality as well as a diagnostic dilemma because a plethora of microorganisms can cause this condition. A definitive diagnosis is made by demonstrating the organisms from the aspirate and the success or failure of therapy depends upon the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. Enteric fever is a multisystem disorder caused by invasive strains of salmonella. Salmonellosis continues to be a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Classic enteric fever is caused by S. typhi and usually less severe enteric fevers are caused by S. paratyphi A, B, or C. However, at times S. paratyphi is capable of causing serious and often life-threatening infections like infective endocarditis, pericarditis, empyma, sino-venous thrombosis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, bone marrow infiltration, hepatitis and pancreatitis. There are anecdotal case reports in world literature of abscesses being caused by this organism. Renal involvement like bacteriuria, nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure have been reported due to S. parayphi A. S. paratyphi A has never been implicated in renal abscess, we report one such case that was managed successfully with medical therapy.
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PMID:Isolation of Salmonella paratyphi A from renal abscess. 1913 4

Mice fed 1.5 mg ochratoxin A (OTA) per kg body weight and infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were compared with trypanosome-infected placebo-fed and uninfected OTA-fed controls. Uninfected OTA-fed mice showed fever, lethargy, facial and eyelid oedemas, mild hepatitis and nephritis, and high survival. Infected placebo-fed controls had mean pre-patent period (PPP) of 3.26 days, lethargy, dyspnoea, fever, facial and scrotal oedema, survival of 33-65 days, reduced red cell counts (RCC: 10.96-6.87x106 cells/microl of blood), packed cell volume (PCV: 43.19-26.36%), haemoglobin levels (Hb: 13.37-7.92 g/dL) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 37.96-41.31 fL, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized oedemas, heart congestion, hepatitis and nephritis. Compared to infected placebo-fed controls, infected OTA-fed mice had significantly (P<0.05) shorter mean PPP (2.58 days), reduced survival (6-47 days), more pronounced fever and dyspnoea. The latter had significantly (P<0.05) reduced RCC (10.74-4.56x106 cells/microl of blood), PCV (43.90-20.78%), Hb (13.06-5.74 g/dL), increased MCV (39.10-43.97 fL), severe generalized oedemas, haemorrhages, congestion, hepatic haemosiderosis, hepatitis, nephritis, endocarditis, pericarditis and exclusively, splenic macrophage and giant cell hyperplasia, expanded red pulp and splenic erythrophagocytosis. It was concluded that OTA aggravated the pathogenesis of T. b. rhodesiense infection in mice, and should therefore be taken into consideration during trypanosomosis control programmes.
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PMID:Aggravation of pathogenesis mediated by ochratoxin A in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. 1915 50


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