Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Management of the side effects of chemotherapy in cancer patients is important because side effects can affect the tolerability and continuation of therapy, in addition to lowering the quality of life of patients. A significant efficacy of serotonin receptor antagonists against nausea and vomiting due to cancer chemotherapy, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor against neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy, has been recently demonstrated. New chemoprotective drugs have been developed, such as amifostine for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, and dexrazoxane for cardiac toxicity due to anthracyclines. Antiviral agents including lamivudine and interferons suppress virus replication, preventing the development of fulminant hepatitis during chemotherapy in cancer patients who have chronic hepatitis B infection. Various supportive therapies have resulted in the advance of cancer chemotherapy.
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PMID:[Prevention and treatment of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy]. 1105 12

Disulone (dapsone + ferrous oxalate) is a sulphone marketed in France since 1958 and authorized in P. Carinii prophylaxis in HIV+ cotrimoxazole intolerant patients, bullous dermatosis, leprosy and polychondritis. Between 1983 and 1998, 249 adverse reactions were reported to French pharmacovigilance centres and Aventis, the manufacturer. Every side-effect was reviewed and the causal relationship was assessed on the basis of the French method for causality assessment. Main side-effects were divided as follows: 117 blood dyscrasias (generally neutropenia and agranulocytosis, rarely methaemoglobinaemia, haemolysis, macrocytosis, anaemia, aplastic anaemia, haemochromatosis and sulphaemoglobinaemia); 29 hypersensitivity syndrome; 39 cutaneous reactions, generally rash; 27 liver injuries (cholestatic, cytolytic and mixed hepatitis); 27 neurological and psychiatric side-effects including 7 axonal neuropathy; 10 gastrointestinal effects, generally nausea and vomiting. Five deaths were reported (4 septicaemia including one case not due to dapsone and 1 digestive bleeding due to underlying disease). In the other cases the outcome was favourable. The results were compared with the published references. It would seem to be important to reinforce information to prescribers about the possible serious adverse reactions with dapsone, particularly hypersensitivity syndrome and agranulocytosis, that can cause death if the drug is not stopped in time.
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PMID:[Adverse effects of Disulone; results of the France pharmacovigilance inquiry. Regional Centers of Pharmacovigilance]. 1147 11

Ticlopidine, an adenosine diphosphate receptor blocker, is widely used to prevent subacute stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Along with neutropenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, cholestatic hepatitis is one of the most serious potential side-effects of ticlopidine therapy. Four patients with prolonged jaundice after ticlopidine therapy, including one fatal case, are presented. Alternative antithrombotic therapy for subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention is also described. Clopidogrel therapy was found to be safe and effective in two patients with a history of ticlopidine-related cholestatic hepatitis.
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PMID:Prolonged jaundice following percutaneous coronary intervention and ticlopidine therapy. 1186 96

Neutrophils are the first infiltrating cell population to appear within the CNS during infection with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV). To determine whether neutrophils play a role in limiting acute JHMV infection, mice were depleted of neutrophils. Infection of neutropenic animals resulted in increased levels of virus replication and mortality compared with control mice. Furthermore, neutropenia resulted in significantly reduced mononuclear leukocyte infiltration possibly due to reduced loss of blood brain barrier integrity during acute JHMV infection. These data suggest that infiltrating neutrophils are crucial for limiting virus replication during acute JHMV infection, contribute to the loss of blood brain barrier integrity and play a role in shaping adaptive immunity within the CNS.
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PMID:Neutrophils promote mononuclear cell infiltration during viral-induced encephalitis. 1262 93

A 68-year old Japanese male with alcohol related rhabdomyolysis, hepatitis, and hematological disorders is presented. Biochemical data showed markedly elevated levels of serum hepatobiliary enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin, and decreased levels of serum sodium and phosphate. The serum creatine kinase level was approximately 40 times higher than the normal upper limit with 97% of MM fraction. Clinical manifestations of rhabdomyolysis, such as myalgia, muscle weakness and acute renal failure, were not recognized. Hematological examinations revealed mild neutropenia, lymphopenia, monocytopenia and thrombocytopenia but no anemia or macrocytosis. Initial treatment of an intravenous infusion of saline (30 mL/Kg body weight) and subsequent low sodium diet was successfully completed without severe complications. All the abnormal laboratory data were normalized within three weeks of his hospitalization. We suggest that hyponatremia and hypophosphatemia may be involved in the development of rhabdomyolysis, hepatitis and hematological disorders.
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PMID:Rhabdomyolysis, hepatitis and multiple hematological disorders associated with alcohol abuse: a case report. 1293 2

Malaria, caused mostly by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. Antimalarial drug toxicity is one side of the risk-benefit equation and is viewed differently depending upon whether the clinical indication for drug administration is malaria treatment or prophylaxis. Drug toxicity must be acceptable to patients and cause less harm than the disease itself. Research that leads to drug registration tends to omit two important groups who are particularly vulnerable to malaria--very young children and pregnant women. Prescribing in pregnancy is a particular problem for clinicians because the risk-benefit ratio is often very unclear. The number of antimalarial drugs in use is very small. Despite its decreasing efficacy against P. falciparum, chloroquine continues to be used widely because of its low cost and good tolerability. It remains the drug of first choice for treating P. vivax malaria. Pruritus is a common adverse effect in African patients. As prophylaxis, chloroquine is usually combined with proguanil. This combination has good overall tolerability but mouth ulcers and gastrointestinal upset are more common than with other prophylactic regimens. Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine is well tolerated as treatment and when used as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant African women. Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine is no longer used as prophylaxis because it may cause toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens Johnson syndrome. Mefloquine remains a valuable drug for prophylaxis and treatment. Tolerability is acceptable to most patients and travellers despite the impression given by the lay press. Dose-related serious neuropsychiatric toxicity can occur; mefloquine is contraindicated in individuals with a history of epilepsy or psychiatric disease. Quinine is the mainstay for treating severe malaria in many countries. Cardiovascular or CNS toxicity is rare, but hypoglycaemia may be problematic and blood glucose levels should be monitored. Halofantrine is unsuitable for widespread use because of its potential for cardiotoxicity. There is renewed interest in two old drugs, primaquine and amodiaquine. Primaquine is being developed as prophylaxis, and amodiaquine, which was withdrawn from prophylactic use because of neutropenia and hepatitis, is a potentially good partner drug for artesunate against falciparum malaria. Atovaquone/proguanil is a new antimalarial combination with good efficacy and tolerability as prophylaxis and treatment. The most important class of drugs that could have a major impact on malaria control is the artemisinin derivatives. They have remarkable efficacy and an excellent safety record. They have no identifiable dose-related adverse effects in humans and only very rarely produce allergic reactions. Combining an artemisinin derivative with another efficacious antimalarial drug is increasingly being viewed as the optimal therapeutic strategy for malaria.
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PMID:Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. 1472 85

Childhood tuberculous meningitis is associated with serious long-term sequelae, including mental retardation, behavior disturbances, and motor handicap. Brain damage in tuberculous meningitis results from a cytokine-mediated inflammatory response, which causes vasculitis and obstructive hydrocephalus. Thalidomide, a potent tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor, was well tolerated and possibly showed some clinical benefit in children with tuberculous meningitis during a pilot study. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of adjunctive thalidomide in addition to standard antituberculosis and corticosteroid therapy on the outcome of tuberculous meningitis. Thalidomide (24 mg/kg/day orally) or placebo was administered in a double-blind randomized fashion for 1 month to patients with stage 2 or 3 tuberculous meningitis. The study was terminated early because all adverse events and deaths occurred in one arm of the study (thalidomide group). Thirty of the 47 children enrolled received adjunctive thalidomide, of whom 6 (20%) developed a skin rash, 8 (26%) hepatitis, and 2 (6%) neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Four deaths (13%) occurred in patients with very severe neurologic compromise at baseline; two deaths were associated with a rash. Motor outcome after 6 months of antituberculosis therapy was similar in the two groups, even though the thalidomide group showed greater neurologic compromise on admission. In addition, the mean IQ of the two treatment groups did not differ significantly (mean IQ thalidomide group 57.8 versus mean IQ control group 67.5; P = .16). These results do not support the use of adjunctive high-dose thalidomide therapy in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis.
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PMID:Adjunctive thalidomide therapy for childhood tuberculous meningitis: results of a randomized study. 1516 89

Extrapulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia are uncommon and include hematologic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, dermatologic, and neurologic complications. We report a case of serologically-confirmed M. pneumoniae infection complicated by severe neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatitis. The presence of antiplatelet and antineutrophil antibodies suggested that these autoantibodies caused the cytopenias. The disease had an acute course and the patient recovered after steroid treatment. This case indicates that neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and hepatitis are possible clinical manifestations of M. pneumoniae infection.
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PMID:Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection presenting as neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and acute hepatitis in a child. 1518 97

Long-term survival in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) was very rare. Recently treatment with imatinib mesylate, a molecular targeted agent that inhibits the KIT tyrosine kinase receptor showed 81.6% of outstanding clinical response (PR 53.7%, SD 27.9%). Toxicities with daily dose of 400 mg and 600 mg, all patients had grade 1 or 2 toxicity. Grade 3 or higher toxicities occurred in 21.1% including edema, neutropenia, nausea, dermatitis, hepatitis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The drug was relatively safe overall.
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PMID:[The effect of imatinib for gastrointestinal tumor]. 1528 52

The safety and potential efficacy of interferon (IFN)-alpha2b were determined for 15 patients during an outbreak of meningoencephalitis due to St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus. Clinical and laboratory results were compared with those of 17 untreated patients who were admitted to the same hospital during this nonrandomized preliminary trial. Quadriplegia, quadriparesis, or respiratory insufficiency persisted after the first week of hospitalization, for 11 of 17 untreated patients and for only 2 of 15 treated patients. These complications existed after the second week of hospitalization for 5 of the 17 untreated patients and for 1 of the 15 treated patients. Transient neutropenia and/or mild hepatitis occurred in 11 treated patients. Early initiation of IFN-alpha2b therapy may reduce the severity and duration of complications due to previously untreatable flavivirus meningoencephalitis. A prospective randomized controlled trial is warranted.
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PMID:Effect of interferon-alpha2b therapy on St. Louis viral meningoencephalitis: clinical and laboratory results of a pilot study. 1531 57


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