Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Porcine circoviruses (PCV) are small nonenveloped DNA viruses containing a unique single-stranded circular genome. Previously, no recognized link was found between PCV infection of pigs and disease, and PCV was considered a nonpathogenic agent. Over the last 5 years, a "novel" PCV, designated PCV2, has been associated with various disease syndromes in pigs, primarily postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Pigs with PMWS have a variety of clinical signs, including debility, dyspnea, palpable lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, and pallor or icterus. Lesions associated with the presence of PCV2 in a variety of cell types include lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, enteritis, and pancreatitis. The lesions of PMWS have been reproduced experimentally after inoculation of piglets with PCV2 cell culture isolates, although the full expression of the disease syndrome may require the presence of other agents such as porcine parvovirus or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Recent reports have linked PCV2 to other disorders in pigs, ranging from abortion and reproductive failure to "atypical" PRRS. Available data indicate high seroprevalence of antibodies to PCV2 worldwide. The diagnosis of PCV2-associated disease is based on the direct demonstration of PCV2 antigens or nucleic acid in affected tissues. PCV2 is now regarded as an important emerging pathogen. Although vertical transmission has been documented, the epidemiology of PCV2 infections is poorly understood, as is the role of the immune response in controlling or augmenting disease.
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PMID:Porcine circoviruses: a review. 1069 Jul 69

Typhoid fever currently is an uncommon disease in western countries, and cases usually are imported from endemic areas.1 The most common complications are intestinal bleeding or perforation and necrotizing cholecystitis, although hepatitis, myocarditis, nephritis, and meningitis may occur. Spontaneous spleen rupture during typhoid fever is a known but rare complication. This report describes a new case and reviews the literature.
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PMID:Spontaneous spleen rupture during typhoid fever. 1073 49

The sequential tissue distribution of virus was investigated using virus isolation and immunofluorescence tests in 1-day-old piglets inoculated with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and/or porcine parvovirus (PPV). Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were seen in the pig inoculated with PCV2 alone and killed at 26 days post-inoculation (PI). One of the pigs inoculated with PCV2 and PPV and killed at 21 days PI had an enlarged liver. The pig killed at 26 days PI in this group had enlarged liver, kidneys and heart. Histopathological changes were seen in lymphoid tissues of the pigs inoculated with PCV2 alone and killed at 14 and 26 days PI. Similar, but more severe, lesions were observed in the pigs infected with PCV2 and PPV and killed from 10 days PI onwards. Histological lesions of nephritis, pneumonia and hepatitis were also apparent in these animals. Mild nephritis was also seen in the pigs infected with PPV alone and killed at 14 and 26 days PI. Moderate amounts of PPV antigen were detected in tissues from the pigs inoculated with PPV alone and killed at 14 days PI. Low levels of PCV antigen were detected, mainly in lymphoid tissues, in the pigs inoculated with PCV alone and killed at 14 days PI. Low to moderate amounts of PCV antigen were detected in a wider range of tissues in the pig in this group killed at 26 days PI. In the pigs inoculated with both viruses, PPV antigen was detected in tissues of pigs killed from 3 to 26 days PI with maximal amounts detected between 6 and 14 days PI. PCV2 antigen was detected in low to moderate amounts in the tissues of pigs killed at 14 days PI. Large amounts of PCV2 antigen were detected in most of the tissues from pigs in this group killed between 17 and 26 days PI. Virus isolation results for PCV2 generally correlated well with the results for immunofluorescent staining. PPV was isolated from almost all tissues from pigs inoculated with PCV2 and PPV, a much higher incidence of positive tissues than observed for immunofluorescent staining.
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PMID:A sequential study of experimental infection of pigs with porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus: immunostaining of cryostat sections and virus isolation. 1076 76

One hundred children (consecutive) with positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi were studied for clinical profile and complications. The common clinical features were fever (100%), vomiting (58%), abdominal pain (48%), cough (22%) and loose stools (14%) and the Widal test was positive in 75% patients. Eighty per cent of the salmonella isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole drugs, but all were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Forty patients developed complications: encephalopathy (18), melaena (12), haematemesis (10), epistaxis (4), hepatitis (4), acalculous cholecystitis (4), bowel perforation (3) and nephritis (2). Complications were more frequent in children with multidrug-resistant typhoid. The final antibiotic required to render the children afebrile included ciprofloxacin (80), ceftriaxone, amoxycillin (4), chloramphenicol (4), amoxycillin and gentamicin (4), amoxycillin with chloramphenicol (2), and furazolidone (2). The defervesence time was least with ceftriaxone and greatest with amoxycillin. All the affected children made a complete recovery.
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PMID:Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever. 1107 47

Despite limited understanding of therapeutic aetiopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, there is a strong evidence base for the efficacy of pharmacological and biological therapies. It is equally important to recognise toxicity of the medical armamentarium for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sulfasalazine consists of sulfapyridine linked to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) via an azo bond. Common adverse effects related to sulfapyridine 'intolerance' include headache, nausea, anorexia, and malaise. Other allergic or toxic adverse effects include fever, rash, haemolytic anaemia, hepatitis, pancreatitis, paradoxical worsening of colitis, and reversible sperm abnormalities. The newer 5-ASA agents were developed to deliver the active ingredient of sulfasalazine while minimising adverse effects. Adverse effects are infrequent but may include nausea, dyspepsia and headache. Olsalazine may cause a secretory diarrhoea. Uncommon hypersensitivity reactions, including worsening of colitis, pancreatitis, pericarditis and nephritis, have also been reported. Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for treatment of moderate to severe IBD. Despite short term efficacy, corticosteroids have numerous adverse effects that preclude their long term use. Adverse effects include acne, fluid retention, fat redistribution, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, psycho-neurological disturbances, cataracts, adrenal suppression, growth failure in children, and osteonecrosis. Newer corticosteroid preparations offer potential for targeted therapy and less corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are associated with pancreatitis in 3 to 15% of patients that resolves upon drug cessation. Bone marrow suppression is dose related and may be delayed. The adverse effects of methotrexate include nausea, leucopenia and, rarely, hypersensitivity pneumonia or hepatic fibrosis. Common adverse effects of cyclosporin include nephrotoxicity, hypertension, headache, gingival hyperplasia, hyperkalaemia, paresthesias, and tremors. These adverse effects usually abate with dose reduction or cessation of therapy. Seizures and opportunistic infections have also been reported. Antibacterials are commonly employed as primary therapy for Crohn's disease. Common adverse effects of metronidazole include nausea and a metallic taste. Peripheral neuropathy can occur with prolonged administration. Ciprofloxacin and other antibacterials may be beneficial in those intolerant to metronidazole. Newer immunosuppressive agents previously reserved for transplant recipients are under investigation for IBD. Tacrolimus has an adverse effect profile similar to cyclosporin, and may cause renal insufficiency. Mycophenolate mofetil, a purine synthesis inhibitor, has primarily gastrointestinal adverse effects. Biological agents targeting specific sites in the immunoinflammatory cascade are now available to treat IBD. Infliximab, a chimeric antibody targeting tumour necrosis factor-or has been well tolerated in clinical trials and early postmarketing experience. Additional trials are needed to assess long term adverse effects.
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PMID:Comparative tolerability of treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. 1108 48

To date, all the reported cases of acute necrotizing tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) secondary to systemic adenovirus infection have occurred in individuals with primary or secondary immunodeficiency, and have resulted in renal failure and death. We present the case of a 12-year-old, immunologically competent girl who developed acute necrotizing TIN with acute renal failure (ARF), hepatitis and meningoencephalitis secondary to a systemic adenoviral infection who completely recovered with supportive care.
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PMID:Acute necrotizing tubulointerstitial nephritis due to systemic adenoviral infection. 1132 76

Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS syndrome) or the drug hypersensitivity syndrome is a delayed and serious skin disease. It is manifest by a severe skin reaction associated with a severe visceral attack (adenopathy, hepatitis, nephritis, interstitial pneumopathy...) and haematological anomalies (raised hypereosinophilia...). The severe visceral attack is the main cause of death, which is estimated at around 10%. The principal drugs responsible are the aromatic anti-convulsants, sulphamides and minocycline. A large number of cases have been described with phenytoin, more rarely with carbamazepine and phenobarbitone.
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PMID:[The drug hypersensitivity syndrome or DRESS syndrome to phenobarbital]. 1143 97

The authors present the person of Mikolaj of Poland, a thirteenth century doctor, connected with the Princes of Pomerania and Greater Poland, educated in France, and known from his two major writings, Antipocras (Anti-Hypocrates) and Experimenta. On the background of medieval medicine, the methods of healing he suggested appear as unusual and unconventional. He healed with amulets, mud, dung, river and sea water, frogs, moles, vipers, flies and worms. Using them, he produced powders, pills, ointments and oils which were to have outstanding healing results. They were to be used in lithiasis, skin irritations, nephritis, hepatitis, deafness, epilepsy, and toothache. Women might use them as cosmetics, too. Considering thirteenth century medicine, Mikolaj with no doubts represents medieval medical "empiry", creating an interesting alternative against official standards binding doctors of that time.
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PMID:[Treatment in XIIth c. Poland according to medical writings of Nicholas of Poland]. 1162 40

Human microsporidiosis is a parasitic infection due to species of four different genera: Encephalitozoon; Enterocytozoon; Nosema; and Pleistophora. Although well known as a cause of disease in animals, microsporidiosis was only occasionally reported in humans. Recently, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, microsporidia belonging to Encephalitozoon and Enterocytozoon species have proved to be important opportunistic pathogens. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is associated with chronic intermittent diarrhea, cholangiopathy and sinusitis whereas Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, the three Encephalitozoon species found in humans, are associated with diarrhea, rhinosinusitis, keratoconjunctivitis, nephritis and hepatitis. Diagnosis of microsporidial infections in humans was until recently an invasive, laborious procedure including electron microscopy of small intestine biopsies. However, new simple staining methods using Uvitex 2B or modified trichrome stain for feces and other body fluids have facilitated clinical diagnosis as well as drug evaluation and epidemiological studies. The application of monoclonal antibodies and molecular techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction have further improved microsporidial diagnosis. Treatment of Entero. bieneusi has, until now, been unsuccessful whereas albendazole has proved to be an effective treatment for Encephalitozoon species infection. Identification of effective treatment for Entero. bieneusi infections and further study of the pathogenicity of these microsporidial infections in immunocompetent hosts are important future challenges.
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PMID:Human microsporidiosis: Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of an increasing infection. 1186 34

A child with perinatally acquired AIDS and profound immunodeficiency was treated with zidovudine, lamivudine and indinavir and had excellent immunologic and virologic response. His subsequent clinical course was complicated by multisystem sarcoidosis characterized by granulomatous hepatitis, nephritis, duodenitis and a CD4+ lymphocytic alveolitis as part of the immune reconstitution syndrome.
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PMID:Sarcoidosis and interstitial nephritis in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: implications of immune reconstitution syndrome with an indinavir-based regimen. 1215 Jan 83


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