Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review has focused on a select group of viruses that can be sexually transmitted. The viruses include the herpesviruses, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, delta virus, non-A, non-B hepatitis virus(es), and molluscum contagiosum. Their impact on the population alone or in association with HIV disease necessitates a clear understanding of their ability to cause infection and of the manifestations of these infections. Characterization of these particular pathogens and treatment have been discussed with respect to the most current data available. Despite the growing sophistication in the field, we are still limited in our endeavors to identify and manage many viral infections. Therefore, measures to prevent transmission are continually being evaluated in an attempt to minimize exposure to these pathogens.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted viruses other than HIV and papillomavirus. 131 May 46

From July 1, 1991 to March 31, 1992, 156 patients (pts) with positive antibody titers to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were seen in our clinic. A retrospective review of the epidemiology and infectious complications of these patients is presented. There were 129 males and 27 females (4.8:1, ratio). Only 10/156 (12.8%) were non-whites (13 blacks and 7 hispanics). The majority, 126 (80.7%), were 25 to 44 years old. The most common risk factor was homosexuality or bisexuality 100 (64.1%), followed by heterosexual acquisition 25 (16%), intravenous drug abuse 23 (13.7%), unknown 6 (3.8%) and transfusion-related 3 (1.9%). Sixty-five pts had no infections. In the remaining 91 pts, the infections noted were: candidiasis (54 pts); Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (25 pts); Herpes simplex (13 pts); cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (11 pts) and CMV esophagitis (1 pt), central nervous system toxoplasmosis (8); Herpes zoster (6 pts); cryptococcal meningitis (5 pts); Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia (4 pts); Molluscum contagiosum, hepatitis-B, staphylococcal infection, perirectal abscess and oral hairy leukoplakia (2 pts each); syphilis, cryptosporidiosis, nocardiosis, histoplasmosis and laryngeal papillomatosis (1 pt each). Infections were multiple in 57/91 (62%) pts and tend to occur more often when the helper cells are < 200 47/57 (82%) pts. Appropriate antimicrobials for prophylaxis and maintenance therapy appeared to decrease the occurrence or relapse of infections such as pneumocystosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis.
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PMID:Epidemiology and infectious complications of human immunodeficiency virus antibody positive patients. 790 72

Cutaneous infections might occur in up to 80% of organ transplant recipients (OTR) and viral infections are the most common them. The risk of different skin infection is among related to the intensity of immunosuppression. During the first post-transplant period, herpes viruses are most common. After some months following transplantation, human papilloma viruses represent the most significant infections among OTR. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus in OTR can become more invasive, takes longer to heal, and shows greater potential for dissemination to visceral organs compared to the general population. Specific immunosuppressive drugs (namely muromonab and mycophenolate mofetil) have been associated with an increased risk of herpes virus reactivation after transplantation. On the other hand, there is evidence that the mTOR inhibitors, such as everolimus, may be associated with a decreased incidence of herpesvirus infections in transplant recipients. The incidence of herpes zoster in OTR is 10 to 100 fold higher than the general population, ranging from 1% to 12%. The chronic immunosuppression performed in OTR may lead to persistent replication of herpesviruses, dissemination of the virus with multivisceral involvement (hepatitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, encephalitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation) and eventually, the emergence of antiviral-drug resistance. Viral warts are the most common cutaneous infection occurring in OTR. The number of warts increases with the duration of immunosuppressive therapy. Since warts in organ recipients are frequently multiple and only rarely undergo spontaneous regression, the therapeutic management of warts in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs might be challenging. Imiquimod, 1% cidofovir ointment, acitretin proved to be useful off-label strategies for recalcitrant cutaneous viral warts in OTR. Extensive and atypical presentation of molluscum contagiosum has been also reported in OTR, with a prevalence between 3% to 6.9%. Giant molluscum contagiosum is a clinical variant in which large nodule greater than 0.5-1 cm in diameter are observed.
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PMID:Cutaneous viral infections in organ transplant patients. 2506 28

Fingolimod was the first oral medication approved for management of multiple sclerosis and is currently used by tens of thousands patients worldwide. Fingolimod acts via the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor, maintaining peripheral lymphocytes entrapped in the lymph nodes. In consequence, there is a reduction in the infiltration of aggressive lymphocytes into the central nervous system. The drug is safe and effective, and its first hours of use are associated with related to S1P receptors in the heart. This side effect is well known by all doctors prescribing fingolimod. However, the drug has other potential adverse events that, although relatively rare, require awareness from the neurologist. Among these there are infections (herpes simplex, herpes zoster, Cryptococcus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis, Molluscum Contagiosum, and leishmaniosis), lung and thyroid complications, refractory headaches, encephalopathy, vasculopathy, tumefactive lesions in magnetic resonance imaging and ophthalmological disorders. The present review lists the non-cardiologic adverse events that all neurologists prescribing fingolimod should be aware of.
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PMID:Multiple sclerosis treatment with fingolimod: profile of non-cardiologic adverse events. 2852 69

Intracellular bacteria were recently shown to employ eukaryotic prenylation system for modifying activity and ensuring proper intracellular localization of their own proteins. Following the same logic, the proteins of viruses may also serve as prenylation substrates. Using extensively validated high-confidence prenylation predictions by PrePS with a cut-off for experimentally confirmed farnesylation of hepatitis delta virus antigen, we compiled in silico evidence for several new prenylation candidates, including IRL9 (CMV) and few other proteins encoded by Herpesviridae, Nef (HIV-1), E1A (human adenovirus 1), NS5A (HCV), PB2 (influenza), HN (human parainfluenza virus 3), L83L (African swine fever), MC155R (molluscum contagiosum virus), other Poxviridae proteins, and some bacteriophages of human associated bacteria. If confirmed experimentally, these findings may aid in dissection of molecular functions of uncharacterized viral proteins and provide a novel rationale for statin and FT/GGT1-based inhibition of viral infections. Prenylation of bacteriophage proteins may aid in moderation of microbial infections.
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PMID:Prenylation of viral proteins by enzymes of the host: Virus-driven rationale for therapy with statins and FT/GGT1 inhibitors. 2888 9