Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Women may be infected during pregnancy with infectious agents that are often passed unnoticed; however, the causative agent may still traverse the placenta and infect the developing embryo and fetus. Several of these agents (i.e. rubella, cytomegalovirus or Toxoplasma Gondii) may cause severe fetal damage, but most other infections in pregnancy seem to be much less dangerous to the fetus. In this review we discuss the effects of several viral infections during pregnancy where the effects on the developing embryo and fetus are infrequent, but they may sometimes cause severe neonatal disease. The following viruses are discussed: coxsackie and echoviruses, measles and mumps, polioviruses, Japanese and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses, West Nile virus and hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E. Coxsackie B virus may cause an increase in early spontaneous abortions and rarely, fetal myocarditis; echoviruses do not seem to damage the fetus; measles and mumps may cause increased early and late fetal death and neonatal measles or mumps. The viruses affecting the nervous system may increase early and late spontaneous abortions and, rarely, cause severe damage to the fetal brain. Hepatitis B virus has a high rate of vertical transmission causing fetal and neonatal hepatitis. Hepatitis A, C and E are rarely transmitted trans-placentally; if transmitted, they may cause hepatitis. There is no evidence that immunization in pregnancy against these diseases (with attenuated viruses) may adversely affect pregnancy outcome.
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PMID:Pregnancy outcome following infections by coxsackie, echo, measles, mumps, hepatitis, polio and encephalitis viruses. 1648 Aug 51

This article summarizes key aspects of progress made during 2004 toward the design, discovery and development of antiviral agents for clinical use. Important developments in the identification, characterization and clinical utility of inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus; the hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B, hepatitis C; the herpes family of viruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus; the respiratory viruses, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, picornaviruses, measles and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; human papilloma virus; rotavirus; Ebola virus and West Nile virus, are reviewed.
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PMID:Developments in antiviral drug design, discovery and development in 2004. 1653 60

Histological and clinical features of syncytial giant cell hepatitis (GCH) are rarely observed in adults, and the disease has been associated with several autoimmune disorders and drug reactions. We describe here the case of a 62-year-old woman who presented with evidence of severe acute hepatocellular injury and cholestasis. Serum work-up demonstrated antimitochondrial antibodies specific for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) autoantigens, whereas markers of viral infection including hepatitis viruses, paramyxovirus and measles virus were negative. Liver histology revealed the presence of multinucleated hepatocellular giant cells in the parenchymal areas surrounding bridging necrosis. Importantly, damaged interlobular bile ducts were also observed within the lymphocyte-infiltrated portal tracts. Further study using transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of filamentous strands and particles resembling paramyxovirus nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm of syncytial giant cells. To our knowledge, this is the first case of PBC with histological and clinical evidence of syncytial GCH in an adult, and we submit that it might provide novel clues in the enigma of PBC pathogenesis.
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PMID:Primary biliary cirrhosis with multinucleated hepatocellular giant cells: implications for pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. 1689 19

International adoptions have become increasingly common in the United States. Children awaiting international adoption and families traveling to adopt these children can be exposed to a variety of infectious diseases. Compared with the United States, foreign countries often have different immunization practices and methods of diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disease. Reporting of medical conditions can also differ from that of the United States. The prevalence of infectious diseases varies from country to country and may or may not be common among adopted children. The transmission of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and measles from adopted children to family members has been documented. Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. Diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome or avian influenza have not been reported among international adoptees, but transmission is possible if infection is present. Family members may be infected by others during travel or by their adopted child after returning home. Families preparing to adopt a child from abroad should pay special attention to the infectious diseases they may encounter and to the precautions they should take on returning home.
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PMID:International adoption: issues in infectious diseases. 1694 42

Syncytial giant cell hepatitis (SGCH) among adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has been rarely described. Most cases have been reported in subjects coinfected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), but its prevalence and outcome remain unknown. We performed a retrospective analysis of all cases of SGCH among 332 liver biopsies from HIV-infected patients seen at a tertiary center in Madrid, Spain, between 1984 and March 2004. Two hundred fifty specimens were obtained from HCV-coinfected patients. There were 2 cases of SGCH, leading to an observed overall prevalence of 0.6% (0.8% when considering only HCV-coinfected patients). In addition to histological changes secondary to chronic hepatitis C, the liver cords were replaced by syncytial giant cells with up to 30 nuclei. There was no histological evidence of measles (among paramyxoviruses) or herpes viruses group infections. In patient 1, there was a progressive clinical worsening after a 3-month course of prednisone, leading to liver failure and death. His postmortem liver biopsy showed more abundant giant hepatocytes accompanied with the development of a histologic pattern of severe fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. The second patient received a prolonged course of pegylated interferon-alpha-2b and ribavirin with clearance of syncytial giant hepatocytes despite HCV-RNA persistence. SGCH is a rare histological finding among HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Specific treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin can lead to histological resolution and biochemical improvement, even in the absence of HCV-RNA clearance.
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PMID:Syncytial giant cell hepatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: 2 cases and review of the literature. 1694 26

Idiosyncratic generalized skin disorders resembling serious drug hypersensitivities have reportedly occurred after occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. However, factors associated with the disorders remain unknown except for trichloroethylene exposure. This study aimed at clarifying whether infectious diseases contributed to the development of rash or hepatitis in patients with trichloroethylene-related generalized skin disorders. Fifty-nine patients consecutively hospitalized between March 2002 and December 2003 and 59 healthy exposed workers selected on an age-matched basis in the patients' factories were enrolled in the study. Information on possible risk factors for rash and hepatitis was collected with structured checklists. Antibody titers were measured for hepatitis A, B and C viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, measles and rubella virus. Thirty-six cases (59%) showed exfoliative dermatitis, 17 (28%) erythema multiforme, 4 (7%) Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and 4 (7%) toxic epidermal necrolysis. Before the onset of rash, 16 (27%) cases had received medication prescribed for the preceding fever, a main first symptom of the disorders. Marked increases in anti-human herpesvirus 6 IgG titer (> or =256), which indicated viral reactivation, were noted in 14 (25%) patients, while no abnormal increase was detected in the controls (p<0.001). Anti-measles IgM titer was positive in 2 (7%) cases but not in the controls (p=0.49). The involvement of other known risk factors of rash or hepatitis was ruled out. These results suggest that part of trichloroethylene-related generalized cutaneous disorders occurring in China and drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome overlap in terms of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation.
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PMID:Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation in trichloroethylene-exposed workers suffering from generalized skin disorders accompanied by hepatic dysfunction. 1717 34

Hepatitis is caused by hepatitis viruses, but hepatitis or hepatocellular enzyme abnormalities is sometimes associated with infection by the hepatiticomimetic viruses. The direct and indirect effects of infection with hepatiticomimetic viruses were examined in two human hepatocyte systems. Poliovirus, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) induced cytopathology in Hep G2 cells. Measles virus caused no change in hepatocytes. Poliovirus infection did not affect cellular protein synthesis, and the peak of hepatocellular enzyme release coincided with the peak of virus release. The increase in adenovirus protein synthesis correlated with the decrease of transferrin synthesis, and enzyme release was not prominent. HSV induced viral protein synthesis with enhanced processing and inhibition of synthesis of alpha1-antitrypsin. The peak of enzyme release was later than the peak of virus release. In primary hepatocytes, poliovirus, adenovirus, and induced extensive cytopathology and enzyme release, and VZV caused cytopathology and significant but minute enzyme release. The ratio of lactate dehydrogenase to aspartate aminotransferase release was larger in poliovirus infection in both hepatocytes than in HSV or VZV infection. Although poliovirus and adenovirus are released by cytolysis and HSV and VZV are secreted by exocytosis of cytoplasmic vacuoles, enzyme release was independent of the type of virus release. Adenovirus showed strong cytotoxicity but did not modify the membrane nor cause enzyme release. Enzyme release was associated with modification of the surface membrane due to apoptosis with poliovirus and necrosis with HSV. Consequently hepatocellular injury by viral infection did not reflect the amount or pattern of hepatocellular enzyme release.
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PMID:Infection and direct injury in human hepatocyte explants and a hepatoblastoma cell line due to hepatiticomimetic (non-hepatitis) viruses. 1731 34

Vitamin A supplementation reduces child mortality and severe morbidity in less developed countries, and the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) offers an ideal opportunity to deliver supplements in developing countries. High-dose vitamin A supplementation has been shown to have no effect on the immunogenicity of oral polio vaccine, tetanus toxoid, pertussis, or on measles vaccine given at 9 mo, but a negative effect on measles vaccine administered at 6 mo and a potentiating effect on diphtheria vaccine. Its effect on the antibody response to hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens has not yet been established. To assess these effects, the present trial was carried out in the Offinso district of Ghana; 1077 infants were enrolled shortly after birth and randomized either to receive or not to receive 15 mg retinol equivalent with vitamin A together with the pentavalent "diphtheria-polio-tetanus-Haemophilus influenzae b-hepatitis B" vaccine at 6, 10, and 14 wk of age. All mothers received a postpartum supplement of 120 mg retinol equivalent vitamin A as per national policy. Blood samples were taken from infants at 6 and 18 wk of age. The results are based on 888 infants (82.4%) who completed the trial. The vitamin A supplementation did not affect the immune response to Haemophilus influenzae type b, but there was a significant improvement in the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine (93.9 vs. 90.2%, P = 0.04). However, given the high percentage of infants with seroprotection in the control group, it is doubtful that inclusion of vitamin A in the EPI would be justified on these grounds alone.
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PMID:Vitamin A supplementation enhances infants' immune responses to hepatitis B vaccine but does not affect responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. 1744 92

Comparative data on fetal and neonatal deaths following maternal mumps, rubella, hepatitis, chicken pox and measles were obtained in a prospective study in New York City from 1957 to 1964, inclusive. The evidence pointed to an increase in early fetal death rate after rubella and mumps and an increase in perinatal mortality after rubella and hepatitis. A significant increase in these rates was not demonstrable for chicken pox and measles in the selected population studied and under the conditions of the present study. The lethal effects of maternal virus diseases were demonstrable in cases of mumps and rubella occurring in the early weeks of gestation and in cases of hepatitis occurring in the late weeks of pregnancy. Fetal death was attributable to severity of maternal disease in hepatitis and to early infection of the fetus in rubella. Other factors related to gonadal infection and to placental and hormonal changes early in pregnancy may be influential in the lethal effect of mumps. Maternal and fetal death occurred in single cases of chicken-pox pneumonia and hepatitis.
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PMID:Comparative fetal mortality in maternal virus diseases. A prospective study on rubella, measles, mumps, chicken pox and hepatitis. 1792 83

Technology surrounding genomics, or the study of an organism's genome and its gene use, has advanced rapidly resulting in an abundance of readily available genomic data. Although genomics is extremely valuable, proteins are ultimately responsible for controlling most aspects of cellular function. The field of proteomics, or the study of the full array of proteins produced by an organism, has become the premier arena for the identification and characterization of proteins. Yet the task of characterizing a proteomic profile is more complex, in part because many unique proteins can be produced by the same gene product and because proteins have more diverse chemical structures making sequencing and identification more difficult. Proteomic profiles of a particular organism, tissue or cell are influenced by a variety of environmental stimuli, including those brought on by infectious disease. The intent of this review is to highlight applications of proteomics used in the study of pathogenesis, etiology and pathology of infectious disorders. While many infectious agents have been the target of proteomic studies, this review will focus on those infectious diseases which rank among the highest in worldwide mortalities, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, measles, and hepatitis.
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PMID:The use of proteomics to study infectious diseases. 1847 5


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