Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The first purified human immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparation used clinically was immune serum globulin (ISG), which was prepared in the 1940s by E. J. Cohn's group. It was originally formulated in water with 0.3 M glycine at pH 6.8 and was 70%-80% monomeric. ISG was safe when given intramuscularly and efficacious for measles and hepatitis prophylaxis. The next generation of purified IgG began in the 1960s with chemically modified preparations suitable for intravenous administration. The first such IgG intravenous preparation (IGIV) in the United States was IGIV pH 6.8 (Gamimune, Cutter Biological), in which the anticomplement activity found in ISG was removed by reduction and alkylation of disulfide bridges. This product was originally formulated as a 5% IgG solution in water (pH 6.8) with 0.2 M glycine in 10% maltose for stabilization. It remained stable for at least 2.5 years at 5 degrees C, was 80%-90% monomeric, had virtually no anticomplement activity, was safe given intravenously, and was efficacious for prophylaxis in agammaglobulinemic patients. A third generation of purified IgG has since been developed; IGIV pH 4.25, (Gamimune N, Cutter Biological), which was isolated by the Cohn method from human plasma and is safe for intravenous use, is a 5% solution of IgG in water (pH 4.25) with 10% maltose. The product is greater than 99% IgG, greater than 95% monomeric, and has greater than 90% less anticomplement activity than ISG.
 ...
PMID:Three generations of immunoglobulin G preparations for clinical use. 309 3

Active surveillance techniques using routine telephone contacts with providers improved the reporting of measles, rubella, salmonellosis, and hepatitis by a factor of 4.6 among private physicians in Monroe County, New York, and increased reporting for these target diseases from all sources by 51 percent. The timeliness of reporting was not improved by active surveillance. Reporting patterns varied by disease and source of report, suggesting the desirability of various approaches to surveillance based on local resources and priorities. Although reporting rates were higher for diseases among persons from census tracts of low socioeconomic status, physicians providing care to persons living in low-income areas responded no differently to active reporting than did those providing care to patients from middle- and high-income areas.
 ...
PMID:A controlled trial of disease surveillance strategies. 345 1

Simple or combined D,T,P and inactivated polio vaccines adsorbed onto calcium phosphate are prepared according to two procedures. Antigens can be dialysed in a sodium phosphate solution and quickly mixed with an equal volume of an equimolar solution of calcium chloride, the pH is adjusted to 6.8-7. Toxoids added to the phosphate solution are in this way entrapped within the 3-dimensional network during the formation of the precipitate. Antigens can also be added to a calcium phosphate gel suspension prepared in advance. Results of animal experiments and of field trials using either combined vaccines or simultaneous immunization with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, meningococcal and several viral vaccines: polio, rabies, hepatitis-B, etc., will be presented. Several programs have been studied in developing countries, mainly with the aim at simplifying vaccination campaigns. The efficiency of a two-dose regimen with DT vaccine has been ascertained, this has also been applied to pregnant women. Adsorbed tetanus toxoid was successfully used as a diluent for freeze-dried measles, meningococcal polysaccharide and rabies vaccines. Levels of circulating antibodies and potency of vaccines have been measured by new in vivo and in vitro methods. The choice of detoxified purified toxins is desirable for the preparation of vaccines in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions. Local and generalized reactions have been studied. Adverse Arthus-type reactions have been encountered and related with the presence of high levels of circulating tetanus antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Preparation and use of calcium phosphate adsorbed vaccines. 354 96

Regarding of microbiological aspects of arthritis three forms of joint diseases are under investigation: the septic arthritis, the reactive arthritis and the Rheumatoid Arthritis. In 95% of patients with septic arthritis microorganisms as causative agents responsible for the disease are described: Staphylococci, Streptococci, some gram-negative bacteria. By an haematogenic route of infection predominantly patients with immunosuppressive therapy are altered. In newborns and children septic arthritis is to observe more rarely. A reactive arthritis is a postinfectious sterile process in dependence on an infection occurred at an earlier time. As etiologic agents Yersinia, Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacter have been discovered. 80% of the patients suffering such a reactive arthritis are carrier of the HLA-B27 system. The etiology of the Rheumatoid Arthritis is an open, unanswered problem. Of importance are: immunogenetic conditions, autoimmune phenomena, endocrinologic, dietetic and psychologic factors as well as bacteria and viruses as causative agents: cocci, bacilli, Diphteroids, endoparasitic bacteria (Listeria, L-forms, Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae), viruses (Adeno-, Mumps-, Measles-, ECHO-, Coxsackie-A- and B-, Hepatitis-, Cytomegalo-, Para-influenza-, Retro-, Parvo- and Rubella viruses). In the last years the EBV is of interest covering the question of a distinct virus persistence in tissues and the adequate limiting factors. Perhaps a defect of the hu-IFN-gamma-system might be of immunopathological and clinical significance.
 ...
PMID:[Microbiologic aspects of inflammatory joint diseases]. 367 41

A considerable amount of information has accumulated during the past 10 years in the search for antiviral agents. Ribavirin and inosiplex are 2 interesting developments to come out of this search. Ribavirin, a synthetic nucleoside, has an unusually wide spectrum of antiviral activity, especially when tested in vitro. A large number of RNA and DNA viruses are sensitive, especially herpes viruses, poxvirus, influenza, parainfluenza, reovirus, togavirus, and RNA tumour viruses. The in vivo antiviral spectrum of activity is much narrower, with activity against herpes virus, influenza, parainfluenza, measles and adenoviruses. However, controlled clinical trials have not been uniformly successful in treating influenza, hepatitis, herpes simplex and herpes zoster. Inosiplex has been shown to have antiviral activity in vivo against influenza, herpes simplex, rhinovirus and vaccinia virus infections. However, antiviral activity has not been consistently demonstrated, and this observation led to further studies which revealed its immunomodulating effects. The accumulated evidence has indicated that inosiplex is more a prohost agent rather than an antiviral drug. Immune functions which are depressed during viral infection can be restored to normal by inosiplex therapy. At present, neither ribavirin nor inosiplex alone has been shown to be uniformly successful in the treatment of human viral diseases. Nevertheless, their potential place in chemotherapy should not be neglected, although further data are needed to determine what this place will be. Whether combining them with other antiviral agents such as interferon, acyclovir, Ara-A, and so on, would produce a potentiation of action and improved antiviral chemotherapy, will be an interesting area for further study.
 ...
PMID:Ribavirin and inosiplex: a review of their present status in viral diseases. 616 18

Through the advancement of biological and medical sciences and the application of modern technology, the disease burden imposed by viral, chlamydial and rickettsial disease has steadily decreased. Smallpox has been eradicated, poliomyelitis is under control in many countries, and measles, mumps and rubella viruses may eventually be eliminated in many developed countries. New and improved vaccines have also recently become available for rabies and hepatitis. These are major advancements. Not to be overshadowed however, are the developments which may lead to the prevention or control of other infectious diseases. For many agents, recently acquired knowledge relating to virology, replication, structural and genetic characteristics, and host responses to infection pave the way for disease intervention in numerous ways. For other agents, recent advances in molecular biology make possible new classes of effective vaccines. It is crucial that these advances be incorporated as soon as possible into effective public health programmes for developing as well as developed nations. Much work yet remains, particularly in the prevention and control of respiratory diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, vector-borne diseases and hepatitis. The WHO Viral Diseases Programme has a major role in supporting laboratory and field research on new technologies and intervention strategies, in disseminating technological advances through teaching and training, and in translating the newer knowledge into action programmes for the prevention and control of viral, chlamydial and rickettsial diseases.
 ...
PMID:The WHO programme for prevention and control of viral, chlamydial, and rickettsial diseases. Brief review. 619 71

Depending on the virus, humoral antibody may be an important component of host defense for neutralization of virions in their extracellular state. For highly cell associated virus like the Herpesviruses, cytotoxic mononuclear cells, with or without antibody dependence appear to be prime determinants influencing clinical recovery. Effective defense mechanisms depend on collaboration of different types of mononuclear cells, the release of soluble mediators like the interleukins and interferon, and are influenced by histocompatibility between effector and target cells. The advent of antiviral chemotherapy has not been nearly as dramatic as the development of agents which are effective against bacteria. Vaccines are effective for prevention of some diseases like influenza, measles and hepatitis. Killed immunogens rather than attenuated live virus vaccines are preferred for compromised hosts. Serum antibodies seem beneficial in preventing onset of H. zoster. Experimental cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody preparations may prevent seroconversion in patients not receiving white cell transfusions. Two useful systemic agents for H. simplex and varicella-zoster infections are acyclovir and vidarabine but their effect against CMV is disappointing. Clinical studies with interferons are encouraging but all preparations have some toxicity and efficacy against CMV has not been demonstrated.
 ...
PMID:Host defenses against viral infections and the outlook for antiviral therapy. 619 50

The survival of selected viruses in fermented edible waste material was studied to determine the feasibility of using this material as a livestock feed ingredient. Seven viruses, including pseudorabies, Newcastle disease, infectious canine hepatitis, avian infectious bronchitis, measles, vesicular stomatitis, and a porcine picornavirus were inoculated into a mixture of ground food waste (collected from a school lung program) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Mixtures were incubated at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. Temperature, pH, and redox potential were monitored. Samples for virus isolation were obtained daily. Newcastle disease virus and infectious canine hepatitis virus survived the entire test period. The porcine picornavirus was inactivated at 30 C after 74 hours, but survived for the entire test period at the other temperatures. Pseudorabies virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived for 48 hours at 10 C and 96 hours at 5 C. Avian infectious bronchitis virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived 72 hours at 5 C and 10 C. Measles and vesicular stomatitis viruses were rapidly inactivated at all 4 temperatures.
 ...
PMID:Survival of viruses in fermented edible waste material. 626 22

Some problems concerning the use of antiviral vaccines are reviewed. Particularly various aspects regarding both intensively used vaccines (small-pox, polio and influenza) and selectively used vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, parainfluenza and Adenovirus) as well as vaccines under testing (anti-V-Z and hepatitis) are evidenced.
 ...
PMID:[Advances in the field of antiviral vaccines]. 626 66

The significance of canine parvovirus (CPV) infections as a permanent threat susceptible dogs, in particular pups, made the authors develop three liquid homologous inactivated adjuvant CPV vaccines that were compatible with existing canine vaccines and could be incorporated in current vaccination programmes. On vaccine (Kavak Parvo) contained only the CPV component, the second product (Kavak i-LP) also contained two inactivated leptospiral antigens, and the third vaccine (Kavak i-HLP) contained in addition an inactivated canine hepatitis virus. This paper reports on the studies conducted to test the safety and efficacy of the three products. They were used as such and as diluents for freeze dried vaccines containing live attenuated measles, distemper, and hepatitis viruses. The study was performed in a breeding kennel where all dogs were free from CPV antibodies and the nonvaccinated sentinels remained so for the course of the study. All vaccines proved to be safe in dogs of all ages, including pregnant bitches. The efficacy of the CPV component was studied both by monitoring antibody titres for more than a year and by challenge exposure of some dogs to virulent CPV. The results obtained from these studies prove that the CPV component used in the three vaccines can be incorporated as indicated in the recommended canine vaccination programmes. The observations that the inactivated CPV and hepatitis components do induce an active immunity in pups that are still protected by low levels of maternally derived antibodies against these viruses, make those vaccines very suitable in breeding kennels. Additional studies on a comparative basis are being continued in edemically CPV infected breeding kennels to quantify the significance of these observations in these special conditions.
 ...
PMID:Experiments with a homologous, inactivated canine parvovirus vaccine in vaccination programmers for dogs. 629 55


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>