Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three categories of emerging risks are studied: 1) A new variant of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, different from its sporadic form; limited to the British isles (48 of 51 cases), it affects younger patients, and has a higher duration with a predominance of psychiatric symptoms. Environmental risk factors include a previous stay in the British isles and oral transmission via contaminated food. No link has been made evident between blood component (BC) transfusion and occurrence of the disease. A potential risk exists if its agent is found in blood and peripheral lymphoid tissues and if buffy coat from infected animals has been inoculated intracerebrally. Since 1993, prevention measures have been taken: exclusion of donors with a potential risk as well as transfused donors, systematic leukocyte reduction and implementation of disease surveillance. Excluding donors after a several month-stay in the British Isles is being discussed. 2) Novel hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis G virus (HGV) has been detected in 2-4% of blood donors. Ten percent of patients with chronic non-A-E hepatitis are HGV RNA positive. The incidence of HGV infection is higher than expected from PCR studies. HGV has a high prevalence in the world. Novel DNA non-enveloped virus (TTV) has a normal distribution. Its prevalence varies from 2 to 80%, depending on the country. Although it has not been shown to be aggressive for the liver, prolonged follow-up is required. 3) Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma in 80% of cases. Its prevalence (0-20%) varies depending on the country. Kaposi's sarcoma has never been reported after BC transfusion. PCR-based viral DNA searches have yielded negative results in 19 poly-transfused subjects. Continuous monitoring is required for recipients at risk (e.g., immunosuppressed). In response to a possible health risk, emerging risks govern the "Precaution Principle", so difficult to implement.
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PMID:[Transfusion safety: emergent or hypothetical risks]. 1073 Mar 44

While transfusion of blood components is usually safe, there are risks of adverse effects that can have immunologic, nonimmunologic, or infectious causes. In patients, the fear of infectious disease transmission predominates, although the risk has been extremely low since the introduction of reliable serologic and molecular biological testing methods. This article addresses the incidence, clinical picture, and etiology of adverse effects of transfusion. It also reports on current knowledge concerning transfusion-associated acute lung injury, which has gained much attention in the last few years. Besides hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, prion transmission, and the risk of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease are also discussed.
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PMID:[Risks and side effects of blood transfusion]. 1975 92

Although the risk of infection with hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses from blood transfusions has been reduced to negligible levels, emerging infections continue to offer threats. Such threats occur with any infection that has an asymptomatic, blood-borne phase. In the past, it was thought that any emerging transfusion-transmitted disease would have epidemiologic properties similar to those of AIDS or viral hepatitis. Over the past 20 years, however, greatest concern has arisen from variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, West Nile virus, and Babesia. These and other emerging infections are discussed in the context of blood safety.
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PMID:Emerging pathogens in transfusion medicine. 2051 67

The use of blood donor history and state-of-the-art FDA-licensed serological and nucleic acid testing (NAT) assays have greatly reduced the "infectious window" for several transfusion-transmitted pathogens. Currently transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV), hepatitis viruses and West Nile Virus are rare events. The seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus in the donor population is high and cytomegalovirus infection can cause significant complications for immunocompromised recipients of blood transfusion. Careful use of CMV seronegative blood resources and leukoreduction of blood products are able to prevent most CMV infections in these patients. Currently, bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates is the greatest remaining infectious disease risk in blood transfusion. Specialized donor collection procedures reduce the risk of bacterial contamination of blood products; blood culture and surrogate testing procedures are used to detect potential bacterially contaminated platelet products prior to transfusion. A rapid quantitative immunoassay is now available to test for the presence of lipotechoic acid and lipopolysaccharide bacterial products prior to platelet transfusion. Attention has now turned to emerging infectious diseases including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, dengue, babesiosis, Chagas' disease and malaria. Challenges are presented to identify and prevent transmission of these agents. Several methods are being used or in development to reduce infectivity of blood products, including solvent-detergent processing of plasma and nucleic acid cross-linking via photochemical reactions with methylene blue, riboflavin, psoralen and alkylating agents. Several opportunities exist to further improve blood safety through advances in infectious disease screening and pathogen inactivation methods.
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PMID:Approaches to minimize infection risk in blood banking and transfusion practice. 2130 41

Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses have raised great concerns in both human and animal health worldwide in the past 20 years. Rudolph Virchow proposed a "one medicine" discipline and emphasized the importance of cooperation 150 years ago. In the face of emerging threats from unpredictable zoonoses, human medicine and veterinary medicine should not be separate and independent sciences. Anatomic pathologists who are capable of analyzing and interpreting anatomical manifestations of diseases to obtain a definite diagnosis or exclude a wide variety of diseases play an important role in the diagnostic team. Although disease-associated microbes are numerous, morphologic patterns of tissue reaction caused by microbes are limited. Therefore, the interactions between microbes and host determine the histological changes in the target tissues. The contributions of anatomic pathology, with its use of morphologic similarities and special techniques, are important in zoonosis diagnosis. This can be seen in retrospective case studies of recent zoonoses such as multinucleated syncytial giant cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome and mouse hepatitis virus infection, syncytial cells in Henipahvirus infection and paramyxovirus, neuronal vacuolation in bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis. In Taiwan, the Chinese Society for Comparative Pathology, which was established in 1994, provides for this interaction. Interlaboratory cooperation plays an important role in the diagnosis, surveillance, and control of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses.
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PMID:The Role of Comparative Pathology in the Investigation of Zoonoses. 3228 24


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