Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A patient with HBsAg-positive chronic aggressive hepatitis and HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) developed fatal Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The investigation of cerebrospinal fluid and a temporal lobe brain tissue post mortem sample with radioactive probes of previously cloned HBV DNA showed the unquestionable presence of viral nucleotide sequences in the nervous tissue (about 9 viral genomes per cell). Although a pathogenetic role in the underlying neurologic disease cannot be attributed to HBV, our observation widens the spectrum of tissues where HBV has been detected, and supports the contention that there are replicative extrahepatic foci where the immunologic system of the host is permissive for the virus.
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PMID:[The detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in nerve tissue: the procedural aspects]. 209 49

An epidemiological inquiry has been done in France after the notification in the USA and England of four cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in patients previously treated with hGH. Between 1959, when hGH treatment in France was started, and August 1985, the date the survey began, 1698 patients were registered for treatment. Current information (less than three months old) was obtained for 1620 patients (95.4%). Death was reported in 31 patients, but none could be related to Creutzfeldt-Jakob or similar disease. Pathological events were observed in 213 living patients (13.1%). Among them, four were diseases classified as possibly related to a viral infection. The first case had acute lymphoid leukaemia; the second case had polyradiculoneuritis associated with hepatitis. In both cases the disease resolved completely. Two other patients had acute encephalitis which started less than two years after the onset of treatment and which resolved spontaneously. Even though the acute evolution and the spontaneous clinical recovery are not consistent with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a relationship with hGH therapy could not be completely excluded. Finally, five treated children had later malignancies which raises the question of the long-term secondary effects of hGH upon cellular proliferation.
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PMID:Human pituitary growth hormone (hGH) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: results of an epidemiological survey in France, 1986. 304 52

Health hazards related to activities performed in pathology departments have represented, in recent years, an increasing concern among pathologists and pathology technicians. The major occupational health problems encountered in pathology departments are reviewed. They include biological hazards (tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV, other infectious diseases), chemical hazards (formaldehyde, xylene(s), aromatic amines, methacrylates, glutaraldehyde, latex) and physical hazards (cut injuries, accidental fires, radiation). Current data suggest that infections (particularly, tuberculosis and hepatitis) still represent the more relevant risk. Exposure to HIV and Creutzfeldt-Jakob agent may be highly harmful but containment measures have been proven to be effective. The actual adverse effects due to chemicals seem to be less alarming than was previously believed. Attaining a safe work environment is an inherent element of good quality assurance management. This task is largely a matter of information, education, organization and common sense. Well-designed premises, efficient equipment and well-trained personnel are the keys to preventing and minimizing hazardous exposures. In order to provide current information that may be used by pathology staff to implement the functional quality of the workplace, organizational and preventive measures are described.
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PMID:What's new in managing health hazards in pathology departments. 779 10

Viral and other exotic diseases may be transmitted by blood transfusion. These infections include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D and E), syphilis, malaria, retrovirus HTLV-1, and cytomegalovirus. Other more exotic diseases which may be transmitted by transfusion of blood or blood components include Chagas' disease (Trypanosomiasis cruzi), Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), and Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. Screening procedures currently used in Australian blood banks minimise transfusion-transmitted infection. The risk of acquiring any infection in this manner may be less than 0.1%.
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PMID:Transfusion transmitted infection: viral and exotic diseases. 844 2

The incidence of cell transplant-transmitted infection is unknown and can only be inferred from prospective studies--that have not yet been performed and reported. The possibility of donor-to-recipient disease transmission through cell transplant therapy can be considered by reviewing the risk associated with other transplanted tissues and organs. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections have been transmitted via transplantation of organs, tissue allografts such as bone, skin, cornea, and heart valves, and cell such as islets, hematopoietic stem cells, and semen. Several types of protozoan and worm parasites have been transferred via organ transplants. Bone allografts have transmitted hepatitis, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Corneas have transmitted rabies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), hepatitis B (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), bacteria, and fungi. Heart valves have been implicated in transmitting tuberculosis and hepatitis B. HIV-1 and CMV seroconversion has been reported in patients receiving skin from seropositive donors. CJD has been transmitted by dura and pericardium transplants. Over the past several years, improvements in donor screening criteria, such as excluding potential donors with infection and those with behaviors risky for HIV-1 and hepatitis infection, and introduction of new donor blood tests have greatly reduced the risk of HIV-1 and hepatitis and may have nearly eliminated the risk of tuberculosis and CJD. Prior to use, many tissues are exposed to antibiotics, disinfectants, and sterilants, which further reduce or remove the risk of transmitted disease. Because organs, cells, and some tissue grafts cannot be subjected to sterilization steps, the risk of infectious disease transmission remains and thorough donor screening and testing is especially important.
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PMID:Infectious disease transmission through cell, tissue, and organ transplantation: reducing the risk through donor selection. 852 Aug 30

Many patients with haemophilia are infected with viruses, due to treatment with blood products--particularly from large pool clotting factor concentrates before 1985. AIDS in haemophilic patients was first described in 1982 and it has significantly reduced the life expectancy of these patients. Although no new sero-conversions have occurred since 1986, management of HIV in haemophilia remains a clinical challenge. Transfusion-associated hepatitis was recognized in 1943, and it is now an important complication of haemophilia treatment. Vaccination against HAV is recommended. Intensively-treated older haemophilic patients usually have serological evidence of HBV infection. HBV transmission has been stopped, but hepatitis B vaccination is still practised, because HDV requires HBV for propagation. Many patients are infected with HCV: before 1985 almost all patients who received clotting factor concentrate developed non-A, non-B hepatitis, now recognized as HCV. Treatment strategies are being developed for HCV in haemophilic patients. Parvo virus can be transmitted by clotting factor concentrate; it is very resistant to sterilization processes, transmission causing severe illness even in immuno-competent individuals. New blood-borne viruses responsible for sero-negative hepatitis include: GBV-A, B and C, and HGV. Although there is no link between CJD and haemophilia, there is concern about possible blood product transmission.
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PMID:Transfusion-transmitted disease. 880 May 11

An emerging virus is a term applied to a newly discovered virus, one that is increasing in incidence or with the potential to increase in incidence. Many viruses fit into this definition. HIV is the clearest example of a previously unknown virus that has now produced one of the largest pandemics in history. Recent advances have occurred in the identification and understanding of new hantaviruses in the Americas, causing an acute respiratory disease. The possible causal role of human herpesvirus 8 in Kaposi's sarcoma has gained support, whereas that of a newly discovered flavivirus in causing hepatitis has not been confirmed. A major advance has been evidence showing that the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent is almost certainly the cause of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although new viruses are discovered almost yearly (e.g., Australian bat lyssavirus), other "older" viruses (e.g., dengue) are reemerging, infecting millions of people every year with significant mortality.
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PMID:Emerging viruses. 952 35

The viral safety of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-cell-based pharmaceuticals is well established. There have been more than 100 million infusions of CHO-derived pharmaceuticals without a single documented case of viral transmission. The recombinant factor IX (rFIX) process builds on this safety record by using a state-of-the-art multitiered approach to viral safety. This includes extensive testing of the CHO cells used to produce rFIX, routine viral monitoring of the cell culture production process, a manufacturing process and formulation that do not use blood or plasma products, and validation of the viral removal capacity of the purification process. The multifaceted viral safety program for rFIX has sufficient redundancy between approaches to compensate for potential limitations of any single safety measure. Together, the elements of the rFIX multitiered viral safety program offer patients and physicians a product that is inherently free of human blood-borne pathogens, including any risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hepatitis, parvovirus, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
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PMID:Viral safety of recombinant factor IX. 956 63

During the past decades major improvements in blood safety have been achieved, both in developed and developing countries. The introduction of donor counseling and screening for different pathogens has made blood a very safe product, especially in developed countries. However, even in these countries, there is still a residual risk for the transmission of several pathogens. For viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the hepatitis viruses B and C, this is due mainly to window-period donations. Furthermore, the threat of newly emerging pathogens which can affect blood safety is always present. For example, the implications of the agent causing new variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease for transfusion practice are not yet clear. Finally, there are several pathogens, e.g. CMV and parvo B19, which are common in the general donor population, and might pose a serious threat in selected groups of immunosuppressed patients. In the future, further improvements in blood safety are expected from the introduction of polymerase chain reaction for testing and from the implementation of photochemical decontamination for cellular blood products. The situation in transfusion medicine in the developing world is much less favorable, due mainly to a higher incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases.
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PMID:Transfusion-transmitted diseases: risks, prevention and perspectives. 991 6

Safety of endoscopic procedures has been a major issue over the last 10 years. Outbreak of new infectious diseases (type C) hepatitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) underlines the necessity for strengthening cleaning and disinfection guidelines. Patients should be ensured that all endoscopic procedures are carried out with high-level disinfection endoscopes and with sterile or single-use accessories. Improvements from a hygienic point of view of both endoscopes and washer-disinfectors are important goals for manufacturers. Adequate training of endoscopic staff is one of the most crucial points to achieve the highest quality control standards in digestive endoscopy.
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PMID:Endoscopic disinfection: a worldwide problem. 1037 23


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