Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pathogenic profiles of two heterologous animal rotaviruses, rhesus rotavirus strain MMU 18006 and bovine rotavirus strain WC3, were evaluated in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID mice) and normal BALB/c mice. Control animals were inoculated with homologous murine strain EDIM 5099 or a tissue culture-adapted murine rotavirus. Heterologous infection with rhesus rotavirus resulted in hepatitis in 84% of SCID and 21% of BALB/c mice, with mortality rates of 27 and 0%, respectively. Surviving SCID animals developed chronic liver disease, while symptoms in BALB/c mice resolved in 2 to 4 weeks after onset. Histopathologic examination revealed a diffuse hepatitis with focal areas of parenchymal necrosis. Rotavirus was detected in liver tissue from 100% of 29 SCID and 85% (11 of 13) BALB/c animals tested by cell culture infectivity, immunofluorescence, or electron microscopy. No extramucosal spread of virus or hepatitis was observed after infection with heterologous bovine strain WC3 or homologous murine rotaviruses. This finding of a novel rotavirus-induced disease manifestation suggests altered tissue tropism in a heterologous host for a group of viruses previously shown to replicate exclusively in the gut mucosa. The implications of our observations suggest that in human vaccine trials utilizing heterologous rotavirus strains, special attention should be paid to children with immunodeficiency disorders, and screening for hepatic function should be included in vaccine protocols.
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PMID:Extramucosal spread and development of hepatitis in immunodeficient and normal mice infected with rhesus rotavirus. 215 22

During the period from January to December 1987, 2,191 serum samples were collected from different groups of the population in the Ivory Coast (1,126 healthy people selected from the general population, 416 blood donors, 112 healthy anti-HIV carriers, 173 AIDS patients, and 364 patients suffering from icterigenic hepatitis) and tested for anti-HIV (HIV-1 and HIV-2) antibodies, HBsAg, HBeAg, delta antigen (HDAg), and anti-delta (anti-HD) antibody. Anti-HIV antibodies were found in 30 (2.6%) of the general population. 55 (13.2%) blood donors, and 93 (25.5%) patients suffering from icterigenic hepatitis. HBsAg was observed in 103 (9.1%) of the general population, 45 (10.8%) blood donors, 15 (13.4%) healthy anti-HIV carriers, 59 (34.1%) AIDS patients, and 45 (40%) icterigenous hepatitis patients. The simultaneous presence of anti-HIV and HBsAg was noted in 4 (0.4%) of the general population, 8 (2%) blood donors, 15 (13.4%) healthy anti-HIV carriers, 59 (34.1%) AIDS cases, and 36 (10%) patients suffering from icterigenic hepatitis. A high prevalence of HBeAg and serological markers of infection by the delta agent were noted in the different groups. HDAg was noted only among AIDS patients or those suffering from icterigenic hepatitis, with a higher frequency among anti-HIV carriers. Our conclusion from this study is that healthy anti-HIV carriers are no more likely to be HBsAg carriers than the HIV-seronegative subjects. However, immunodeficiency induced previously by HIV infection is likely to be responsible for the high prevalence of HBsAg among AIDS patients.
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PMID:Increase of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen related to immunodeficiency inherent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 215 78

In a retrospective study of 421 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 15 (3.5%) had varicella. Twelve patients had a typical varicella. Complications were as follows: profuse eruption, 6; hemorrhagic eruption, 1; hepatitis, 5; and pulmonary involvement, 1; 1 patient developed an intravascular disseminated coagulation and died of varicella. Three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, having a history of varicella, presented with an atypical form of varicella with a small number of disseminated cutaneous poxlike lesions; 1 of these patients experienced three relapses of atypical varicella. Assay of serum antibodies to varicella zoster virus showed that, while typical varicella was the primary varicella zoster virus infection, atypical varicella was a reactivation of varicella zoster virus infection. Acyclovir was given to 11 patients and vidarabine to 1 patient. The one patient who died and the one who suffered a relapse had received acyclovir. Thus, varicella in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus may be complicated and even lethal. Atypical forms of varicella could be, as is the case with herpes zoster, a reactivation of endogenous varicella zoster virus.
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PMID:Varicella in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 220 Mar 49

The clinical manifestations of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in persons with AIDS are described, and recent advances in the management of these syndromes with antiviral agents are reviewed. CMV infection is the most common serious opportunistic viral infection in AIDS patients. Clinical manifestations include chorioretinitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, pneumonia, CNS infection, adrenalitis, and a wasting syndrome. The diagnosis of CMV infection requires laboratory demonstration of a serologic response to the virus, detection of viral components or products, or isolation of the virus. Ganciclovir is an acyclic nucleoside analogue marketed for the treatment of CMV-related retinitis in immunocompromised hosts. After i.v. ganciclovir induction therapy, more than 80% of patients show improvement or stabilization of retinitis. Relapse is common in AIDS patients, however, and low-dose i.v. maintenance therapy is recommended. The most serious dose-limiting effect is neutropenia. Intravitreal injection of ganciclovir has been well tolerated and efficacious. Ganciclovir has shown some efficacy in the treatment of other life-threatening CMV infections, especially gastroenteritis, but data are limited. Ganciclovir-resistant strains have been reported. Foscarnet, a pyrophosphate analogue with activity against both human CMV and human immunodeficiency virus, is undergoing clinical trials. Foscarnet has shown promise in the therapy of CMV-related retinitis, but results for other CMV infections are disappointing. Nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting effect. AIDS patients with sight-threatening and rapidly progressive CMV-related retinitis should be treated with ganciclovir. Foscarnet may offer an alternative when it becomes available. More must be learned about the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of CMV infection in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Management of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 216 89

The leukocyte count, the differential leukocyte count and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are the more commonly used tests for diagnosing or managing an inflammatory process. Measurements of acute-phase proteins has an advantage over that of the leukocyte count and ESR. Especially microscopic examination of peripheral blood smear can be time consuming, but the simple and inexpensive technique is still clinically useful when a high grade bacteremia is likely to be present. Although the results are examiner dependent, it should be reliable in the proper clinical setting. In the guidelines for the selection of laboratory tests for monitoring the acute phase response, published in 1988, the International Committee for Standardization in hematology (ICSH) considered the biohazzard of ESR. Therefore the ESR should not routinely be performed on blood samples from patients who show a positive test for hepatitis virus or human immunodeficiency virus. The subcommittee for laboratory tests in daily care situations in Japan Society of Clinical Pathology published the "Essential Laboratory Tests" in 1989. We conclude that the differential leukocyte counts and the ESR should be used to follow the activity and response to treatment of certain inflammatory disorders when other objective indicators are not available.
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PMID:[Inflammatory reaction and laboratory tests: hematologic examination]. 219 24

Fourteen patients with T-cell-derived leukemia and lymphoma underwent high-dose chemoradiotherapy and anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody-treated autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). All patients were either in sensitive relapse or had adverse prognostic features, and five patients had a history of bone marrow involvement with disease. Patients received a median of 2 (1 to 3) prior chemotherapy regimens; 10 patients received local radiotherapy. After high-dose ablative therapy, greater than 500/mm3 granulocytes and greater than 20,000 untransfused platelets/mm3 were noted at a median of 23 (13 to 48) and 26 (15 to 43) days post-ABMT, respectively. Natural killer (NK) cells, T cells (predominantly T8+), and monocytes were noted within the first 1 to 2 months post-AMBT, as seen in other series. Disease-free survival was a median of 10.1 months, 5.9 months for patients with T acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma and 25.6 months for patients with T non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Toxicities were common and severe. Thirty-six percent of patients developed bacteremias early post-BMT. Late complications included a skin rash consistent with graft versus host disease; infections with Herpes zoster, hepatitis, and Pneumocystis carinii; and the development of Epstein-Barr virus associated lymphoproliferative syndrome. Our findings suggest that patients who have undergone T-depleted ABMT have a profound immunodeficiency not reflected in the phenotypic reconstitution of the T and NK cells. Characterization of the functional deficiency may facilitate the development of methods to reduce the long-term toxicity of AMBT in these patients.
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PMID:T-cell-depleted autologous bone marrow transplantation therapy: analysis of immune deficiency and late complications. 219 91

Massive transfusion, or the rapid administration of a quantity of blood products that approximates an individual's blood volume, is associated with many potentially lethal complications. If the need for transfusion is immediate, ie, before adequate typing and crossmatching procedures can be completed, O negative RBCs can be given safely in the interim. Hypothermia caused by cold banked blood is aggravated by multiple environmental factors and should be aggressively avoided through the use of heat lamps, warming coils, blankets, and other warming devices. The coagulopathy seen in massive transfusion probably has a mixed etiology involving dilution and consumption of clotting factors and platelets. Although fresh frozen plasma and platelets both play a critical role in blood replacement, deficiencies should be treated with appropriate component therapy dictated by coagulation studies rather than by protocol. Transfusion reactions, the most serious type of which is the hemolytic reaction, may go unrecognized in the bleeding patient in critical condition. Hemolytic reactions can usually be prevented by careful attention to administrative and clerical accuracy. Although the overwhelming majority of the 10 million units of blood transfused annually are uncontaminated, transmission of hepatitis and the human immunodeficiency virus through blood products remains a significant screening problem. Posttransfusion hyperkalemia and acidosis are more likely to be related to inadequate resuscitation from shock than to administration of blood. Citrate toxicity and hypocalcemia are usually self-limiting disturbances. Prophylactic use of calcium chloride is dangerous and unnecessary. The complexity of the conditions necessitating massive transfusion demands frequent reevaluation of multiple laboratory and clinical factors for effective resuscitation and for safe administration of blood.
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PMID:Massive transfusion: complications and their management. 220 22

Transmission of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pose substantial risks to institutional healthcare employees working with blood. While the risk of contracting hepatitis B in the hospital setting is much greater than the probability of acquiring HIV, the cost of treating the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)--if it develops--is much greater in both dollars and human suffering. In addition to the risks posed by the presence of HIV infection in the hospital increase daily. By the end of 1990, one of every 14 hospitalized patients will be an HIV carrier. Of all hospital-related injuries to employees, the highest percentage (35%) is caused by needlestick/"sharps" punctures. Over a 12-month period, approximately 18,000 hepatitis cases reportedly have been caused by needlestick accidents. After nurses, housekeeping personnel--victims of incorrectly disposed needles--are most at risk. Nurses incur 58% of needlesticks when needles are broken, cut or recapped. Currently, there are products on the market specifically designed to eliminate contact with needles. These cartridge-needle safety units allow for only one-time use, thus doing away with the possibility of recapping. Initial expenditures for new equipment are well worthwhile; the implementation of revised safety precautions are not only worthwhile but also required by law. The dollar costs imposed on hospitals by accidental transmission of bloodborne diseases include tests for the employee, treatment, outpatient visits and wages. One pilot study prevention program conducted in an 800-bed hospital resulted in a 53% reduction in needlestick injuries.
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PMID:Risk reduction through testing, screening and infection control precautions--with special emphasis on needlestick injuries. 223 47

A 3-year-old 4-kg neutered male domestic shorthair cat died within 5 days after onset of fever and respiratory distress. At necropsy, all tissues were icteric, and the liver had a diffuse reticular pattern. Histologically, hepatitis and encephalitis were associated with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Toxoplasma gondii female gamonts and oocysts were found in epithelial cells of intact villi and in epithelial cells desquamated into the lumen. Finding of acute hepatitis and T gondii oocysts in an adult cat without detectable immunodeficiency is unusual, because adult cats rarely have clinical signs of toxoplasmosis during the oocyst-shedding phase.
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PMID:Acute primary toxoplasmic hepatitis in an adult cat shedding Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. 227 58

Three-hundred-eighty-four leprosy patients were clinically examined for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in north and northeastern India, revealing a high incidence (5.2%) of STD among them. Eighteen males, one female, and one eunuch were found to have chancroid ulcer, gonococcal urethritis, lymphogranuloma inguinale, and primary chancre. Of these patients, only 100, selected randomly, could be screened serologically for STD due to Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex (type 1 and 2), Entamoeba histolytica, hepatitis-associated virus, cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); 100 control sera were included for comparison. In addition, sera from another 133 normal subjects and another 176 lepromatous patients were also screened for HIV antibody. Thus, a total of 233 normal sera and 276 leprosy sera were tested for HIV antibody. Although our leprosy patients have shown significantly high incidences of clinical STD and also high seropositivity against T. pallidum, herpes-simplex viruses types 1 and 2, hepatitis-associated virus, and cytomegalovirus, the search for antibody against HIV was negative. Our clinical and serological data suggest promiscuity in our patient population. The absence of HIV antibody in this high-risk population, however, seems to be an enigma.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in leprosy patients in north and northeastern India. A futile search for human immunodeficiency virus antibody. 228 Jan 16


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