Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The viral safety of intramuscular immune globulin and albumin has long been recognized. Safety is the result of multiple barriers operating in concert, including donor selection, donor blood screening, immune neutralization, serendipitous inactivation and removal, and virus sterilization. Experience on the transmission of viruses, most notably hepatitis A and non-A, non-B (HBV and NANBHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), by coagulation factor concentrates prepared from large plasma pools highlights the difficulty of relying on donor selection and purification methods to eliminate virus transmission and the benefit of potent virucidal procedures. Before virus sterilization, the transmission rate of NANBHV and HIV by these concentrates approached 100%. Following virus sterilization, methods shown to inactivate less than or equal to 10(4) infectious doses (ID50) of hepatitis virus(es) greatly reduced HIV but not NANBHV transmission. Methods shown to inactivate greater than or equal to 10(5) ID50 of hepatitis viruses have eliminated HIV transmission and have greatly reduced hepatitis transmission. Elimination of transmission occurred before HIV and HCV screening and the development of purification methods shown to reduce virus presence. Based on an analysis of the initial virus load, the best coagulation factor concentrates available today are concluded to have a probability of safety equivalent to that of albumin. Introduction of sterilization methodology into the manufacture of all blood protein products should now be considered.
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PMID:Specific inactivation of viruses which can potentially contaminate blood products. 179 31

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and hepatitis virus B or C (HBV, HCV) transmission are major risks following infusion of coagulation factor concentrates. Thus, several methods have been used to achieve viral inactivation of concentrates prepared from plasma collected from a large number of donors. In this study, 32 patients with haemophilia A or B (n = 31) or von Willebrand's disease (n = 1) were treated between 1987 and 1990 only with factor VIII or IX concentrates inactivated by the solvent-detergent procedure. During this period, none of these cases exhibited elevated liver enzymes (alanine amino transferase), and serological tests for HIV, HBV and HCV infections always remained negative. This suggests that the solvent-detergent procedure of concentrate inactivation is an efficient method to prevent not only HIV or HBV transmission but also HCV infection in haemophiliacs.
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PMID:[Efficacy in viral inactivation of the concentrates of factor VIII and IX by the solvent/detergent procedure. Evaluation in patients with hemophilia]. 183 Jun 53

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp160 was produced in large-scale microcarrier cultures of Vero cells, using a system involving coinfection with two recombinant vaccinia viruses. The immunogenicity of this material was studied in conjunction with a number of different adjuvant formulations, and chimpanzees were then immunized with gp160 in conjunction with Al(OH)3, Al(OH)3 and sodium deoxycholate, and a lipid-based adjuvant. The Al(OH)3-gp160 vaccine formulation elicited very poor immune responses in two chimpanzees, and these animals were further immunized with gp160 in conjunction with a lipid-based adjuvant. Immunization with the latter formulation lead to induction of high-titer neutralizing antibodies, and, following challenge with HIV-1, one chimpanzee demonstrated no evidence of virus infection over a period of 3 years. The second chimpanzee, which had previously been infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis, and two animals immunized with gp160 with Al(OH)3 and deoxycholate were not protected against challenge.
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PMID:Characterization of a vaccinia-derived recombinant HIV-1 gp160 candidate vaccine and its immunogenicity in chimpanzees. 184 26

During 1988-89 this continuing survey showed 18 infections in the staff of laboratories reporting from 166 centres, representing 21,756 person-years of exposure. Shigella and other bowel infections (one caused by S typhi) predominated, affecting 11 microbiology medical laboratory scientific officers. Three shigella infections originated from quality control samples. Pulmonary tuberculosis affected four workers, including two mortuary technicians, but without detected occupational exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other infections included one caused by Brucella melitensis. Hepatitis was not reported. The sustained low level of hepatitis is encouraging and suggests a low risk to staff of bloodborne infections such as human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:Infections in British clinical laboratories, 1988-1989. 189 Feb 1

Blood bank staff, 8 out of 25 (32%) have been exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the prevalence of HBV markers in blood bank employees handling high risk subjects show hepatitis B surface antigen (n = 1), hepatitis B surface antibody (n = 7), hepatitis B core antibody (n = 6) and combined hepatitis B surface antibody and hepatitis B core antibody (n = 6) seropositivity but all are negative to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Serum alanine aminotransferase was raised in the employees than normal subjects and it is suggestive of sub-clinical hepatitis. The employees of blood bank should be trained for proper handling of test materials and must be periodically monitored for HBV and HIV. Immunisation for HBV is mandatory only for the employees of transfusion centre which handles high risk subjects.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in employees of a blood transfusion centre. 194 Apr 10

Several randomised controlled trials have been undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of alpha-interferon in the therapy of chronic hepatitis B. In patients with HBe antigen-positive disease acquired in adult life the response rates vary from 25-50%. In those infected at birth, response rates are lower. Twenty-one pretreatment variables were assessed for their significance in response prediction using data from 114 patients given alpha-interferon for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. In those patients who had received a minimum of 90 million units per m2 total dose over 12 weeks, a negative anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody status (p less than 0.001), chronic active hepatitis on liver biopsy (p less than 0.005), high AST level (p less than 0.001), low hepatitis B virus DNA level (p less than 0.001) and a history of acute hepatitis (p less than 0.005) were all associated with an increased likelihood of response on univariate analysis. On stepwise logistic regression analysis, hepatitis B virus DNA, AST and a history of acute hepatitis predicted response independently (p less than 0.05). The most reliable combination of predictive factors was a negative anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody status, with either a positive history of acute icteric hepatitis and AST greater than 45 IU per liter or no history of acute icteric hepatitis and AST greater than 85 IU per liter, which predicted response in 77% with a specificity of 79% (p less than 0.001). The loss of HBsAg in addition to HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA was more likely to occur in patients with chronic infection of less than 2 years duration (p less than 0.001).
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PMID:Treatment of hepatitis B virus infection with interferon. Factors predicting response to interferon. 196 Mar 78

The nucleotide sequences of cDNAs (275 base-pairs) in the non-structural protein 5 regions of Japanese isolates of hepatitis C virus (HCV-J) from the plasma of 11 patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis and the livers of five patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were analyzed. Approximately 14 to 17% of nucleotide sequences of the HCV-Js examined differed from that of the original isolate in the United States (HCV-US). Furthermore, 2.5 to 11% sequence diversity was found among the HCV-Js. The nucleotide sequences of the HCV-Js showed characteristic common differences from that of HCV-US, although they also showed some random substitutions. Plural HCV-J genomes were found in two of the cDNAs derived from liver specimens, and a deletion of 102 nucleotides was found in the cDNA derived from one plasma specimen. These results suggest that HCV-J is a strain different from the HCV-US and that mutation of the viral genome occurs at as high a frequency as in that of the human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:Sequence diversity of hepatitis C viral genomes. 196 17

A radioimmunoassay was used to detect antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in 154 patients with haemophilia. Prevalence of anti-HCV was associated with exposure to clotting factor concentrates. 76 of 129 (59%) who had received factor VIII or IX had anti-HCV: 42 of 55 (76%) who required over 10,000 units of concentrate annually had anti-HCV, compared with 34 of 74 (46%) who required less, and 0 of 25 patients who had never received concentrates. Anti-HCV were significantly more common in patients seropositive for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) or with markers of previous hepatitis B infection than in those without anti-HIV or hepatitis B markers (88% vs 39% and 75% vs 46%, respectively). 5 of 23 (22%) haemophiliacs treated only with heated concentrates had anti-HCV compared with 71 of 106 (67%) patients who received unmodified products. 35 patients with chronic liver disease underwent liver biopsy: histological examination showed features associated with post-transfusion hepatitis in 24, all of whom were anti-HCV-positive; of the other 11 patients with no histological features of non-A, non-B hepatitis, 5 were anti-HCV-positive. HCV appears to be the major predisposing factor for most non-A, non-B hepatitis and chronic liver disease in haemophilia.
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PMID:Hepatitis C antibody and chronic liver disease in haemophilia. 197 52

We performed a phase I study of escalating dosages of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (didanosine; ddI) in 19 patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex in order (1) to establish the maximal tolerated dosage, (2) to determine the nature of toxic adverse effects, (3) to measure changes in levels of circulating human immunodeficiency virus p24 antigen and in CD4+ cell counts, and (4) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ddI. Almost all patients had received zidovudine therapy previously. The maximal tolerated dosage of ddI was found to be approximately 12 mg/(kg.d) when it was administered orally for 28 weeks. The major dosage-limiting adverse effects encountered were neuropathy, pancreatitis, and hepatitis. These occurred at dosages higher than those associated with decreases in levels of p24 antigen. The major toxic effects of ddI are different from those associated with zidovudine. At the proper dosage, ddI may prove to be an effective agent for the chronic treatment of infection with human immunodeficiency virus and should be especially useful in the treatment of patients who cannot tolerate zidovudine.
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PMID:Phase I study of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine: experience with 19 patients at New York University Medical Center. 197 25

To evaluate the long-term toxicity and activity profile of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, in vitro. 58 patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex were studied with additional reference to the effect of previous treatment with zidovudine, and the effect of ddI on HIV-induced cognitive dysfunction. Doses above 9.6 mg/kg per day of ddI were frequently associated with toxicity (peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, or hepatitis). Doses of 9.6 mg/kg per day or below were well tolerated for up to 21 months. A subset of patients receiving 3.2-9.6 mg/kg per day of ddI had long-term immunological improvement and reduction of serum HIV p24 antigen. Immunological changes were especially seen in patients who had little previous zidovudine therapy. 5 patients with HIV-induced cognitive impairment improved with ddI. Thus, ddI may have anti-HIV activity at doses which are tolerated for long-term therapy, although pancreatitis could be a life-threatening complication.
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PMID:Long-term toxicity/activity profile of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in AIDS or AIDS-related complex. 197 29


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