Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Obesity, now an epidemic in the USA, northern Europe, and Italy, is associated with several co-morbidities that shorten life expectancy, in particular type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), arterial hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The impact of obesity on mortality is evident in all ages, and is especially strong in young persons. Obesity, especially visceral obesity, associated with a sedentary lifestyle, is among the strongest risk factors for T2DM, and a diagnosis of T2DM seems to increase linearly as a function of duration of obesity. The pathogenesis of T2DM is based on a dual defect, i.e. increased insulin resistance coupled with defective insulin release. The main abnormality in obesity is increased insulin resistance, while insulin release, even though defective compared with body needs, is usually abundant. The incidence of obesity among children aged 6-16 years is now even greater than that among adults: in Italy, figures up to 30% have been reported. As in adults, obesity is a cause, among children, of arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic-steato hepatitis, sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), and orthopedic, psychological, and social problems. Together with an increase in body weight, there is an increase of visceral fat. Obesity in children has also led to a tremendous increase in the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); the percentages span from 25% in a multiethnic cohort in the USA, to 4% in Italian Caucasians. Management of obesity and of T2DM in children has to face the issue of poor compliance; there is consensus that dietary treatment of obese T2DM children is a failure, so that drugs are required; the only drug evaluated in a formal trial is metformin, that behaves in terms of efficacy and of minor side effects as in adults. In conclusion, obesity in children is not pure obesity, but is accompanied by co-morbidities that cluster to form the "metabolic syndrome" just like in the adults. If this epidemics continues and is not properly challenged, in the next decades we will face an epidemic of early cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming the most common type of diabetes in school children. 1566 74

The effect of Sargassum polycystum crude extract on lipid metabolism was examined against acetaminophen-induced (800 mg/kg body wt., intraperitoneally) hyperlipidemia during toxic hepatitis in experimental rats. The animals intoxicated with acetaminophen showed significant elevation in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acid in both serum and liver tissue. The levels of tissue total lipids and serum LDL-cholesterol were also elevated with depleted levels of serum HDL-cholesterol and tissue phospholipid. The acetaminophen-induced animals showed significant alterations in the activities of lipid metabolizing enzymes serum lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL). The levels of liver tissue fatty acids (saturated, mono and polyunsaturated) such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and linolenic acid monitored by gas chromatography were considerably altered in acetaminophen intoxicated animals when compared with control animals. The prior oral administration of Sargassum polycystum (200 mg/kg body wt./day for a period of 15 days) crude extract showed considerable prevention in the severe disturbances of lipid profile and metabolizing enzymes triggered by acetaminophen during hepatic injury. Liver histology also showed convincing supportive evidence regarding their protective nature against fatty changes induced during acetaminophen intoxication. Thus the present study indicates that the protective nature of Sargassum polycystum extract may be due to the presence of active compounds possessing antilipemic property against acetaminophen challenge.
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PMID:Effect of Sargassum polycystum (Phaeophyceae)-sulphated polysaccharide extract against acetaminophen-induced hyperlipidemia during toxic hepatitis in experimental rats. 1613 89

We report a case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The patient, a 64-year-old man, was incidentally found to have multiple tumors in the liver when admitted for pneumonia. He had been obese, had been receiving a standard dose of valproic acid since clipping surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage 17 years previously, and had not consumed any alcohol since the surgery. Laboratory data revealed moderate hyperlipidemia and no evidence of diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B or C infection. The patient died of hepatic insufficiency, and an autopsy was performed. A tumor, a maximum of 13 cm in diameter, grossly occupied the entire left lobe and one third of the right lobe of the liver. Histologically, moderately differentiated HCC was found with foci of poorly differentiated HCC. The non-tumorous area showed NASH with moderate bridging fibrosis, without interface hepatitis, hemochromatosis, or copper accumulation. In this patient, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and long-term treatment with valproic acid could have all been associated with induction of NASH. The present case suggests that HCC could develop in non-cirrhotic NASH liver, and that chronic inflammation in itself could be an important risk factor in the development of HCC.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis developing during long-term administration of valproic acid. 1613 66

A well-known side effect of chemotherapy, covering a wide range of drugs, is drug-induced hepatitis. We are reporting on a 61-yr-old female patient whose malignant melanoma had been surgically removed, and on whom adjuvant therapy with interferon alfa 2b was initiated. The patient had mild hyperlipidemia, of which she had been aware for several years, but which had gone untreated with medicinal intervention. After the patient was started on interferon alfa therapy, continuously increasing values of triglyceride were measured. Therefore, 3 mo after the introduction of adjuvant therapy, gemfibrozil was prescribed at a dose of 600 mg per day. Within a few days after the patient had been taking this combined therapy, the clinical and laboratory values of drug-induced hepatitis developed. Soon after discontinuance of treatment by both drugs, the signs and symptoms of hepatitis disappeared. Adjuvant interferon therapy was not continued afterward owing to the patient's wish. We do not know if the hepatitis was the side effect to gemfibrozil alone, or the side effect was a result of an interaction between the two drugs. As far as we could find, this is the first case report of possible negative interaction between interferon alfa 2b and gemfibrozil. Our intention in this article is to point out that prescription of any drugs, especially new ones, should be balanced and carefully monitored because of possible side effects.
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PMID:Drug-induced hepatitis in a patient with malignant melanoma treated with interferon alfa 2b adjuvantly who had been administered gemfibrozil in therapy. 1664 37

Pediatric solid organ transplantation is so successful that >80% of children will survive to become teenagers and adults. Therefore, it is essential that these children maintain a good quality life, free of significant long-term side effects. While intensive immunosuppressive regimens (containing CsA, tacrolimus, MMF, and steroids) effectively reduce acute or chronic rejection, they can produce long-term side effects including viral infection, renal dysfunction, hypertension, and stunting. The development of effective methods of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CMV means that this is no longer a significant cause of mortality, but morbidity remains high. In contrast, infection rates of EBV remain high in EBV-negative pre-transplant patients. However, pre-emptive reduction of immunosuppression or treatment with rituximab or adoptive T-cell therapy is effective in preventing/treating post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Recent protocols have concentrated on reducing CsA immunosuppression, to prevent unacceptable cosmetic effects, and to reduce the hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and nephrotoxicity. Both CsA and tacrolimus cause a 30% reduction in renal function, with 4-5% of patients developing severe chronic renal failure. The use of IL-2 inhibitors for induction therapy with low-dose calcineurin inhibitors, in combination with renal-sparing drugs such as MMF or sirolimus for maintenance immunosuppression, should prevent significant renal dysfunction in the future. The concept of steroid-free immunosuppression with IL-2 inhibitors, tacrolimus, and MMF is an attractive option, which may reduce stunting and renal dysfunction. However, these regimens may be associated with the increased development of de-novo autoimmune hepatitis in 2-3% of children. The most important challenge to long-term survival in transplanted children is the management of non-adherence and other adolescent issues, particularly when transferring to adult units, as this is the time when many successful transplant survivors lose their grafts.
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PMID:Current issues in pediatric transplantation. 1691 96

Non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) is related to insulin resistance and, thus, frequently occurs as part of the metabolic changes that accompany obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. In childhood, the overwhelming boost of obesity and its co-morbidities have lead to the extraordinarily increased prevalence of NASH. Establishing effective therapeutic strategies to treat the disease represents the challenge for hepatologists and gastroenterologists in the next decade. Therapeutic approaches have aimed at treating associated conditions (obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipemia, etc) or reducing liver oxidative damage (vitamin E).
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PMID:Therapeutic strategies for pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a challenge for health care providers. 1755 19

Antiretroviral medications have significantly improved the prognosis of subjects infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, long-term complications of these drugs are increasingly recognized as significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can evolve into non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and ultimately hepatic failure is one of the more often observed complications in the current clinical practice and the correlation with liver enzyme elevations is controversial. Multiple factors have been considered as possibly correlated to this event in the HIV-infected population, including metabolic abnormalities (such as hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and being overweight), chronic inflammation, concurrent infection with hepatitis C and B viruses, and treatment with certain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). HIV-associated syndromes such as lactic acidosis and lypodystrophy are frequently associated with fatty liver disease and a mitochondrial injury has been considered as its possible pathogenetic factor. In particular, treatment containing stavudine and didanosine have proven to be the most commonly implicated in the occurrence of mitochondrial abnormalities. Epidemiologic data to better define the role of predictive factors and drugs associated with the development of NAFLD are still lacking. Furthermore, it remains unclear the better therapeutic management for this condition, even if the current best therapeutic option for NAFLD is the treatment of the underlying disease. Other studies are mandatory to better elucidate the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the optimal therapeutic strategy for the underlying conditions.
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PMID:Steatohepatitis in HIV-infected subjects: pathogenesis, clinical impact and implications in clinical management. 1789 69

Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) popularly known as 'Cogumelo do Sol' in Brazil, or 'Himematsutake' in Japan, is a mushroom native to Brazil, and widely cultivated in Japan for its medicinal uses, so it is now considered as one of the most important edible and culinary-medicinal biotechnological species. It was traditionally used to treat many common diseases like atherosclerosis, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, dermatitis and cancer. In vitro and in vivo ABM has shown immunomodulatory and antimutagenic properties, although the biological pathways and chemical substances involved in its pharmacological activities are still not clear. The polysaccharides phytocomplex is thought to be responsible for its immunostimulant and antitumor properties, probably through an opsonizing biochemical pathway. Clinical studies are positive confirmations, but we are still at the beginning, and there are perplexing concerns especially relative to the content of agaritine. Argantine is a well-known carcinogenic and toxic substance in animals, that must be completely and fully evaluated.
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PMID:The Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill: Review of Literature and Pharmaco-Toxicological Problems. 1831 43

Diets high in fat lead to excessive lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, which is a crucial factor in the development of obesity, hepatitis, and hyperlipidemia. In this study, we investigated the antiobesity effect of a flavonoid-enriched extract from Nelumbo nucifera leaf (NLFE) in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. NLFE reduced the body weight, body lipid accumulation, and activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. NLFE also suppressed the expression of FAS, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and HMGCoA reductase and increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver. Taken together, we demonstrated that NLFE targets lipid-regulated enzymes and may be effective in attenuating body lipid accumulation and preventing obesity.
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PMID:Improvement in high-fat diet-induced obesity and body fat accumulation by a Nelumbo nucifera leaf flavonoid-rich extract in mice. 2048 71

Lentinus edodes is the first medicinal macrofungus to enter the realm of modern biotechnology. It is the second most popular edible mushroom in the global market which is attributed not only to its nutritional value but also to possible potential for therapeutic applications. Lentinus edodes is used medicinally for diseases involving depressed immune function (including AIDS), cancer, environmental allergies, fungal infection, frequent flu and colds, bronchial inflammation, heart disease, hyperlipidemia (including high blood cholesterol), hypertension, infectious disease, diabetes, hepatitis and regulating urinary inconsistencies. It is the source of several well-studied preparations with proven pharmacological properties, especially the polysaccharide lentinan, eritadenine, shiitake mushroom mycelium, and culture media extracts (LEM, LAP and KS-2). Antibiotic, anti-carcinogenic and antiviral compounds have been isolated intracellularly (fruiting body and mycelia) and extracellularly (culture media). Some of these substances were lentinan, lectins and eritadenine. The aim of this review is to discuss the therapeutic applications of this macrofungus. The potential of this macrofungus is unquestionable in the most important areas of applied biotechnology.
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PMID:Lentinus edodes: a macrofungus with pharmacological activities. 2049 36


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