Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A recalcitrant rheumatoid arthritis patient taking low dose weekly methotrexate was given oral 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) for 8 months in a multicenter trial. He developed dual infections over the course of the trial: disseminated herpes zoster and staphylococcal arthritis of the right elbow. His disseminated herpes zoster started with severe, unremitting abdominal pain caused by a gastric ulcer, followed by disseminated cutaneous herpes, hepatitis, pancreatitis, encephalitis, homonymous hemianopsia, the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and malabsorption. Both the herpes zoster and S. aureus infections required prolonged proper chemotherapies. Serious, complicated viral, bacterial, or other unusual infections should be considered in patients with severe rheumatoid conditions treated with combination immunosuppressive therapy.
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PMID:Disseminated herpes zoster and s. Aureus septic arthritis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) and methotrexate. 1907 80

Reactivation of Herpesviridae is well known among transplant patients, but has not been sufficiently studied in patients who receive immunosuppressive treatment for systemic inflammatory diseases. CMV infection seems relatively rare; it is easily diagnosed by real-time PCR, a fast and reliable diagnostic tool. CMV disease is most often manifested in the form of lung disease, hepatitis, or colitis. The highest risks are associated with steroid or cyclophosphamide boluses and methotrexate. Prophylactic treatment cannot be recommended in clinical practice. The utility of monitoring viremia and of preemptive therapy must be evaluated. Herpes zoster is the most frequent viral infection in systemic diseases. Most immunosuppressive treatments, except methotrexate, promote its occurrence. Visceral involvement is quite rare, and outcome almost always favorable. Prophylactic treatment cannot be recommended.
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PMID:[Cytomegalovirus and other herpes virus infections in systemic diseases]. 1944 98

Fulminant hepatitis is an emergency because within a few hours, the physician must find the cause of the hepatitis (not identified in 15 to 20% of cases), rule out any contraindication to liver transplantation, verify that it is indicated, and prevent and/or treat the complications associated with liver failure. Viruses (especially hepatitis viruses A and B), drugs, and toxic agents are the most common causes of fulminant hepatitis, with the proportions varying between countries. Hepatitis viruses, the leading cause through 1995-1996, have fallen behind drugs and in particular paracetamol, which is now the leading cause of this disease in Europe and in the United States. There are also other rarer causes: other viruses (e.g., herpes virus HSV1 or 2, hepatitis virus E, parvovirus B19, and chickenpox-herpes zoster), Wilson Disease, acute Budd-Chiari and Reyes syndromes, autoimmune hepatitis, neoplastic infiltration of the liver, hypoxic hepatitis, heatstroke, acute pregnancy-related steatosis, and the HELLP syndrome. Prognosis is essentially determined by neurological status, but is also affected very rapidly by damage to other organs. Liver transplantation has revolutionized the prognosis of fulminant hepatitis, causing survival to increase from 10-20% (all causes combined) to 75-80% at 1 year and 70% at 5 years. These patients can be treated only in specialized centers with access to liver transplantation and to different modern means of liver resuscitation (hypothermia, artificial liver support, albumin dialysis, monitoring intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion, etc.) -all from the onset of the disease.
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PMID:[Fulminant and subfulminant hepatitis: causes and treatment]. 1957 22

Simian varicella virus (SVV) causes a natural erythematous disease in Old World monkeys and is responsible for simian varicella epizootics that occur sporadically in facilities housing nonhuman primates. This review summarizes the biology of SVV and simian varicella as a veterinary disease of nonhuman primates. SVV is closely related to varicella-zoster virus, the causative agent of human varicella and herpes zoster. Clinical signs of simian varicella include fever, vesicular skin rash, and hepatitis. Simian varicella may range from a mild infection to a severe and life-threatening disease, and epizootics may have high morbidity and mortality rates. SVV establishes a lifelong latent infection in neural ganglia of animals in which the primary disease resolves, and the virus may reactivate later in life to cause a secondary disease corresponding to herpes zoster. Prompt diagnosis is important for control and prevention of epizootics. Antiviral treatment for simian varicella may be effective if administered early in the course of infection.
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PMID:Simian varicella in old world monkeys. 1979 53

The classic hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis A through E, are not the only viral agents able to infect the liver. Other systemic viruses may cause hepatic injury that can range from mild and transient elevation of aminotransferases to acute hepatitis and occasionally acute liver failure and fulminant hepatitis. The clinical presentation may be indistinguishable from that associated with classic hepatotropic viruses. These agents include cytomegalovirus; Epstein-Barr virus; herpes simplex virus; varicella-zoster virus; human herpesvirus 6, 7, and 8; human parvovirus B19; adenoviruses among others. Wide spectrums of clinical syndromes are associated with cytomegalovirus disease. Unique clinical syndromes may present in neonates, young adults and immunocompromised hosts infected with cytomegalovirus. Cases of fulminant hepatitis have been reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts infected with Epstein Barr virus. Occasionally, these patients with acute hepatic failure may need liver transplantation. Herpes simplex viruses may involve the liver in neonatal infections, pregnancy, immunocompromised hosts and occasionally, immunocompetent adults. Varicella-Zoster virus has also been associated with severe acute hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis in adults. The drug of choice for these conditions is intravenous acyclovir. These may also need liver transplantation in the more severe forms of clinical presentation. Typical liver biopsy findings can be useful in determining the diagnosis of these viral infections. Human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8, human parvovirus B19, and adenoviruses can also be present with features of acute liver injury and occasionally as fulminant hepatitis. The clinical syndromes are less well delineated than those associated with herpesviruses. It is important to consider these viruses as possible etiologic agents in patients who have acute liver injury and their serologic markers for the classic hepatotropic viruses are not indicative of an active infection.
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PMID:Hepatitis viruses: not always what it seems to be. 2127 80

It is 50 years since the first antiviral drug--JUDR for the local herpes keratitis was introduced and over 25 years since HIV/AIDS was isolated and the Noble Prize in Medicine and Physiology was given to its discovers. Now, there are 50 antiviral drugs, in which 25 are for HIV, the others are for herpes virus, shingles, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis virus and influenza A virus. Drugs for hemorrhagic fever Ebola and Marbourg as well as Denga fever are under way In the paper the current knowledge on chemotherapy and prophylaxis is presented in the following viral infections: HIV, HBV, HCV, CMV, HSV, shingles and other. The paper also demonstrates different groups of antiviral drugs, their use and efficacy. Mechanisms of infections and activity of antiviral drugs are analyzed.
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PMID:[Antiviral drugs]. 2167 43

Cutaneous infections might occur in up to 80% of organ transplant recipients (OTR) and viral infections are the most common them. The risk of different skin infection is among related to the intensity of immunosuppression. During the first post-transplant period, herpes viruses are most common. After some months following transplantation, human papilloma viruses represent the most significant infections among OTR. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus in OTR can become more invasive, takes longer to heal, and shows greater potential for dissemination to visceral organs compared to the general population. Specific immunosuppressive drugs (namely muromonab and mycophenolate mofetil) have been associated with an increased risk of herpes virus reactivation after transplantation. On the other hand, there is evidence that the mTOR inhibitors, such as everolimus, may be associated with a decreased incidence of herpesvirus infections in transplant recipients. The incidence of herpes zoster in OTR is 10 to 100 fold higher than the general population, ranging from 1% to 12%. The chronic immunosuppression performed in OTR may lead to persistent replication of herpesviruses, dissemination of the virus with multivisceral involvement (hepatitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, encephalitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation) and eventually, the emergence of antiviral-drug resistance. Viral warts are the most common cutaneous infection occurring in OTR. The number of warts increases with the duration of immunosuppressive therapy. Since warts in organ recipients are frequently multiple and only rarely undergo spontaneous regression, the therapeutic management of warts in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs might be challenging. Imiquimod, 1% cidofovir ointment, acitretin proved to be useful off-label strategies for recalcitrant cutaneous viral warts in OTR. Extensive and atypical presentation of molluscum contagiosum has been also reported in OTR, with a prevalence between 3% to 6.9%. Giant molluscum contagiosum is a clinical variant in which large nodule greater than 0.5-1 cm in diameter are observed.
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PMID:Cutaneous viral infections in organ transplant patients. 2506 28

Drug combination is extensive in the clinical real world,which is an important part and the inherent requirements of the post-marketing evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The key issues and technology include multi-domain and multi-disciplinary such as the rationality, efficacy and safety evaluation of combination drug starting from clinical real world, study on component in vivo and mechanism of combination drug, the risk/benefit assessment and cost-benefit evaluation of combination drug and so on. The topic has been studied as clinical demonstration on combination therapy of variety of diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, insomnia, depression, hepatitis, herpes zoster, psoriasis and ectopic pregnancy. Meanwhile, multi-disciplinary dynamic innovation alliance of clinical drug combination has been presented, which can promote the academic development and improving service ability and level of TCM.
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PMID:[Exploration and demonstration study on drug combination from clinical real world]. 2553 71

Varicella-zoster is the virus that causes varicella (chicken pox), herpes zoster (shingles), and rarely, severe disseminated disease including diffuse rash, encephalitis, hepatitis, and pneumonitis. Disseminated disease is most often seen in immunocompromised patients. We describe a case of disseminated zoster in an immunocompentent patient who had previously been immune to VZV. This case is also unusual in that his clinical presentation was most consistent with varicella while his laboratory data was most consistent with herpes zoster. For the purpose of rapid diagnosis and initiation of appropriate therapy, clinicians should be aware of these more atypical presentations of VZV infection.
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PMID:Disseminated varicella-zoster virus in an immunocompetent adult. 2578 Sep 80

Herpes zoster (HZ) is primarily a disease of nerve tissue but the acute and longer-term manifestations require multidisciplinary knowledge and involvement in their management. Complications may be dermatological (e.g. secondary bacterial infection), neurological (e.g. long-term pain, segmental paresis, stroke), ophthalmological (e.g. keratitis, iridocyclitis, secondary glaucoma) or visceral (e.g. pneumonia, hepatitis). The age-related increased incidence of HZ and its complications is thought to be a result of the decline in cell-mediated immunity (immunosenescence), higher incidence of comorbidities with age and social-environmental changes. Individuals who are immunocompromised as a result of disease or therapy are also at increased risk, independent of age. HZ and its complications (particularly postherpetic neuralgia) create a significant burden for the patient, carers, healthcare systems and employers. Prevention and treatment of HZ complications remain a therapeutic challenge despite recent advances. This is an overview of the multidisciplinary implications and management of HZ in which the potential contribution of vaccination to reducing the incidence HZ and its complications are also discussed.
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PMID:Herpes zoster epidemiology, management, and disease and economic burden in Europe: a multidisciplinary perspective. 2755 30


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