Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous virus known to cause febrile syndromes and exanthema subitum in children. Less commonly, and particularly in organ transplant recipients, it may result in hepatitis, bone marrow suppression, interstitial pneunonitis, and meningoencephalitis. This report expands the spectrum of clinical disease associated with HHV-6 by documenting viral infection in a 44-year-old heart transplant recipient presenting with gastroduodenitis, pancreatitis, and hepatitis. On histopathologic examination, the gastric, duodenal, and bile ductular epithelium showed a multinucleate giant cell transformation similar to the cytopathic effect caused by the virus in human T-lymphocytes infected in vitro. Electron microscopy showed herpes particles with a thick tegument layer in the duodenum. Polymerase chain reaction amplified HHV-6 variant A sequences from multiple sites. Serology confirmed the presence of an acute HHV-6 infection. Thus, HHV-6 variant A can cause gastroduodenitis and pancreatitis in immunosuppressed individuals. Multinucleate giant cells and enveloped virions with a prominent tegument can be used as morphologic criteria to raise the possibility of HHV-6 infection in human biopsy tissue.
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PMID:Herpesvirus 6 variant A infection after heart transplantation with giant cell transformation in bile ductular and gastroduodenal epithelium. 923 42

Many complementary changes occur in a pregnant woman's immune system to protect the fetus from attack while maintaining maternal defenses against disease. Enhancements occur in immune elements that fight bacterial infections. Conversely, suppression of T-cell activity causes increased susceptibility to viral infections, such as hepatitis, rubella, herpes, and human papilloma virus, and leads to an irreversible reduction in helper T cells in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Local secretion of corticosteroids and changes in cytokine concentration in the reproductive tract protect the fetus from rejection. Understanding these changes assists the perinatal nurse in assessing and counseling women of childbearing age.
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PMID:Immunologic adaptations during pregnancy. 925 86

Our discovery that Herpes virus thymidine kinase (TK) and cellular deoxycytidine kinase lack enantioselectivity, being able to phosphorylate both D- and L-enantiomers of the substrate, suggested the use of unnatural L-nucleoside analogues as antiviral drugs (Herpes, hepatitis and immunodeficiency viruses). Several L-nucleoside analogues have displayed a short-term cytotoxicity much lower than their corresponding D-counterpart. Since the delayed cytotoxicity of a drug often depends on its effects on mitochondrial metabolism, we have investigated the degree of enantioselectivity of human mitochondrial thymidine kinase (mt-TK). We demonstrate that mt-TK does not show an absolute enantioselectivity, being able to recognize, although with lower efficiency, the L-enantiomers of thymidine, deoxycytidine and modified deoxyuridines, such as (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. Interestingly, the reported negative co-operativity of mt-TK phosphorylating beta-D-2'-deoxythymidine (D-Thd), disappears when the deoxyribose moiety has the inverted configuration, resulting in the preferential phosphorylation of d-Thd even in the presence of high concentrations of the L-enantiomer. This, coupled with the higher Km for beta-L-2'-deoxythymidine (L-Thd), makes mt-TK resistant to high concentrations of L-Thd and L-Thd analogues, minimizing the mitochondria-dependent delayed cytotoxicity that might be caused by the administration of L-nucleoside analogues as antivirals.
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PMID:Relaxed enantioselectivity of human mitochondrial thymidine kinase and chemotherapeutic uses of L-nucleoside analogues. 935 70

The professionals and patients involved in dental examinations are at risk for infection by various disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and fungi, such as those responsible for hepatitis, tuberculosis, herpes, and AIDS. It is known that aerosols and spatter containing pathogenic microorganisms can spread during an examination. Nevertheless, some dental clinics are designed to have multiple examination areas in the same room, with no physical barriers between them. The objective of this study was to verify the reach of spatter resulting from the use of a triple syringe and high-rotation turbine during five simulated exams in a collective clinic, bearing in mind that spatter can contain the patient's saliva and blood. To facilitate tracking of the spatter, aniline dye (pink, blue, yellow, green, and brown) was added to the water in the appropriate receptacle in each of the five units. The room, the equipment, and the patient's and operator's clothing were covered with white paper. A high concentration of spatter was observed on the chair, the operator, and the floor of each unit, and it also appeared on the chairs and trays of the surrounding units. The maximum distance reached by spatter was 1.82 m from a point on the chair corresponding to the position of the patient's mouth. During real simultaneous examinations, the surrounding chairs and their patients and operators, as well as the trays containing sterilized instruments, are within spatter range. Therefore, there is a real possibility of cross-infection, and physical barriers should be placed between the units. This study also confirmed the need for protection of the operator's face, body, hair, and arms, since these regions were heavily affected by spatter.
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PMID:[Determination of the dispersion of microorganisms in the course of dental surgical activity]. 954 44

Fourteen autopsy cases of neonatal hepatitis have been studied. Of these seven cases were due to infections viz.: cytomegalovirus infection (four cases), probable cases of congenital syphilis (two cases) and neonatal herpes (one case). The remaining seven cases were of Idiopathic Neonatal Hepatitis (INH) with giant cell change in six cases. Even in these cases (INH) there was a high index of suspicion of intrauterine or acquired infection in view of severe mononuclear inflammation in the pancreas, alimentary tract and lungs. Most of these neonates with INH had low birth weight and two were preterm pointing towards a prenatal insult. The orcein stain and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) with diastase in all the cases were negative making hepatitis B virus infection and infinity 1 antitrypsin deficiency less likely. These autopsies represent the tip of the iceberg and only the severe cases of infection. The fatal outcome could have been prevented by maternal screening for infections and earlier clinical diagnosis.
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PMID:Neonatal hepatitis--an autopsy study of 14 cases. 958 Oct 81

An 8.5-month-old boy with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome received a sibling matched bone marrow transplant from his healthy non-identical twin brother. The donor had primary human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infection around the time of bone marrow donation. The recipient had hepatitis in the first week and then developed fever and rash on day 18. Skin biopsy was shown to have HHV-6 antigen and his peripheral blood leukocytes were HHV-6 DNA positive. He engrafted on day 18 but the ANC dropped from 5.5 x 10(9)/l (day 23) to 0.48 x 10(9)/l (day 34) with persistent HHV-6 DNAemia. Bone marrow on day 35 was positive for HHV-6 DNA. He was treated with G-CSF and ganciclovir with good response. He later had pneumonitis which was treated empirically with foscarnet, ceftazidime and clarithromycin.
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PMID:Primary human herpes virus 6 infection transmitted from donor to recipient through bone marrow infusion. 963 82

The current climate in society regarding infectious diseases in general, and herpes, hepatitis, and HIV infections in particular, dictates that today's dental practices must use effective infection control techniques. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration continues to inspect, cite, and fine health care facilities. More states are implementing regulations concerning the operation of health care facilities. Patients are becoming more sophisticated in their scrutinizing of the dental and medical professions' approach to asepsis. Media coverage of exposure incidents is becoming more intense. All these factors leave dentists no choice; they must implement appropriate infection control techniques. The life-time cost of effective infection control is far less than one malpractice settlement. Implementation of an effective infection control program to promote dental asepsis can be cost-effective. In addition, it can be a practice builder.
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PMID:Today's minimal requirements for a practical dental office infection control and exposure control program. 989 45

Hepatitis due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a potentially fatal disorder that is often not considered in the differential diagnosis of acute hepatitis. This disease occurs most often in patients with impaired immunity and is very uncommon in healthy patients. HSV hepatitis presents with a wide clinical spectrum, and the clinical diagnosis is difficult. We describe a case of disseminated herpes virus infection with fulminant hepatitis mimicking an acute human immunodeficiency virus infection in a 33-year-old healthy man. Preliminary studies suggest that early treatment of HSV hepatitis with acyclovir may be beneficial in these patients. A high index of suspicion and the availability of early diagnostic tools, such as HSV DNA detection, may dramatically improve the clinical outcome of severe HSV hepatitis.
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PMID:Fulminant herpes hepatitis in a healthy adult: a treatable disorder? 1037 46

Ten common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) were used for this falcon herpes vaccine experiment. Four kestrels were subcutaneously given 1 ml of an attenuated falcon herpesvirus that had originally been isolated from the liver of an American prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus). This virus was then passaged 100 times on chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEF-cells). Another 4 kestrels were given subcutaneously an inactivated falcon herpesvirus vaccine derived from the same American field strain. This vaccine was concentrated, inactivated by heat and betapropiolactone and emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvans. Two further kestrels served as controls and were not vaccinated. Twenty-one days after vaccination, all 10 kestrels were challenged with passage 3 of the American falcon herpesvirus. The 2 control kestrels died 6 days after challenge and 3 of those given the inactivated herpes vaccine died 9 days after challenge, with typical lesions of herpesvirus inclusion body hepatitis. Before the vaccination experiment, all 10 kestrels were free of serum neutralising antibodies to the falcon herpesvirus. Twenty-one days after vaccination, all 4 kestrels vaccinated with the attenuated vaccine, and one vaccinated with the killed vaccine, had seroconverted, having shown no symptoms to the challenge with a low passage virulent American herpesvirus strain. Following the challenge their antibody titres to falcon herpesvirus increased. No herpesvirus was isolated from any of the cloacal swabs taken during this experiment, indicating that there is no danger for any other birds from the attenuated herpesvirus vaccine. This experiment clearly shows that an attenuated falcon herpesvirus vaccine can protect kestrels from fatal inclusion body hepatitis.
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PMID:Production of a falcon herpesvirus vaccine. 1050 83

Three categories of emerging risks are studied: 1) A new variant of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, different from its sporadic form; limited to the British isles (48 of 51 cases), it affects younger patients, and has a higher duration with a predominance of psychiatric symptoms. Environmental risk factors include a previous stay in the British isles and oral transmission via contaminated food. No link has been made evident between blood component (BC) transfusion and occurrence of the disease. A potential risk exists if its agent is found in blood and peripheral lymphoid tissues and if buffy coat from infected animals has been inoculated intracerebrally. Since 1993, prevention measures have been taken: exclusion of donors with a potential risk as well as transfused donors, systematic leukocyte reduction and implementation of disease surveillance. Excluding donors after a several month-stay in the British Isles is being discussed. 2) Novel hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis G virus (HGV) has been detected in 2-4% of blood donors. Ten percent of patients with chronic non-A-E hepatitis are HGV RNA positive. The incidence of HGV infection is higher than expected from PCR studies. HGV has a high prevalence in the world. Novel DNA non-enveloped virus (TTV) has a normal distribution. Its prevalence varies from 2 to 80%, depending on the country. Although it has not been shown to be aggressive for the liver, prolonged follow-up is required. 3) Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma in 80% of cases. Its prevalence (0-20%) varies depending on the country. Kaposi's sarcoma has never been reported after BC transfusion. PCR-based viral DNA searches have yielded negative results in 19 poly-transfused subjects. Continuous monitoring is required for recipients at risk (e.g., immunosuppressed). In response to a possible health risk, emerging risks govern the "Precaution Principle", so difficult to implement.
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PMID:[Transfusion safety: emergent or hypothetical risks]. 1073 Mar 44


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