Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During childhood, many people acquire primary infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), one of the herpes viruses. If they later become immunosuppressed, such as occurs with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, CMV is likely to become reactivated. Severe disease caused by CMV is life-threatening in the HIV-infected population. CMV retinitis, gastritis, colitis, pneumonia, encephalitis and hepatitis have all been reported, but oral lesions due to infection with CMV are rarely reported. We report a case of oral CMV infection which at first was clinically indistinguishable from HIV-associated periodontal disease.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus infection presenting as acute periodontal infection in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 838 96

Since the same sexual behavior which places individuals at risk for HIV infections can also lead to gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, hepatitis, and unplanned pregnancy, prevention strategies against AIDS must be addressed within the broader context of human sexuality. The 3 major issues in disease prevention are 1) compartmentalization, which focuses on prevention of a single disease, problem, or class of people, and which has failed in its approach; 2) a state of denial, which prevents people from learning more about the risks involved with their behavior; and 3) societal barriers including taboos, reticence, stigmatizing a disease, and ambivalence. Since successful prevention strategies involve a broad base of personal competencies, a comprehensive approach is called for. Strategies which address predisposing factors affecting behavior attempt to reach schools, communities, families, and health professionals. Specific examples include curriculum development in schools, brochures distributed by pharmacies and family planning clinics, posters targeted to specific populations, television programs, and pamphlets and reference materials for physicians. Enabling factors which allow a change in behavior are approached through access to education, access to resources, and strengthening personal skills. Reinforcing factors are strengthened in clinics, the media, and the community. For example, a package containing information about postponing sexual activity, sexually transmitted diseases, and HIV as well as 2 condoms was attached to tuxedos rented for graduation exercises. No disease exists in isolation, and no preventable disease can be successfully avoided in isolation. Integrated behavior change is necessary to reach the goal of health and create a social norm of safe sexual relations.
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PMID:AIDS and human sexuality. 848 61

In the case of the central nervous system or hepatic involvement, the prognosis of neonatal herpes simplex infection remains poor, despite antiviral drugs, presumably effective if given early. We report the case of a neonate with herpes simplex hepatitis, where the course of the illness was unusual with chronic, ultimately fatal, cholestasis. The treatment was not effective, because its administration was delayed, because of high infant C reactive protein level and the absence of clinical maternal genital infection, and because it was interrupted due to misleading information: clinical improvement, negative viral tests and raised herpes IgG antibody titer.
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PMID:Herpes simplex hepatitis with chronic cholestasis in a newborn. 849 96

A serendipitous discovery during early AIDS investigations was human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6). Two years later (1988) it was shown that HHV-6 and later on also HHV-7 are the causes of exanthema subitum, a childhood disease with previously unknown causation. HHV-6 and HHV-7 are the main cause of febrile seizures. It is assumed that 90% of children are infected before they are three years old. The viruses are also found in adults; HHV-6 may cause mononucleosis and hepatitis. HHV-6 and HHV-7 infect CD4+ cells and may influence the course of HIV infection. In AIDS patients HHV-6 and cytomegalovirus are often isolated together from the lungs, possibly because they activate each other. Another possibility is that the circumstances in the lungs are favourable to both. HHV-6 and HHV-7 infection may be serologically diagnosed. There is little experience with antiviral treatment.
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PMID:[Human herpes viruses type 6 and 7; causative agents of, among others, exanthema subitum]. 861 28

Epstein-Barr virus is an ubiquitous member of the human herpes virus family. A specific antigen structure of the Epstein-Barr virus was discovered in the last decade. It was possible to diagnose some unusual clinical manifestations of EBV infections and its clinical course by different serologic analyses (immunofluorescent tests, immunoenzyme assay and polymerase chain reaction). This is very important in cases of atypical primary infections (hepatitis, meningoencephalitis), chronic mononucleosis and lymphoproliferative disorders and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Famciclovir, a new antiviral agent (peroral form of penciclovir) may play an important role in the therapy of these infections.
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PMID:[New findings on the etiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Epstein-Barr virus infections]. 869 94

Viral exanthems can be classified as erythematous vesicular and papular. The majority are erythematous with the most common viral causes being non polio enteroviruses, respiratory viruses, acute. Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes viruses 6 and 7, and parvovirus B-19. Measles, rubella, mumps, acute GMV, hepatitis viruses. HIV seroconversion, Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses are less commonly seen. The differential diagnosis includes drug eruption, erythematous bacterial exanthems and Kawasaki's syndrome.
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PMID:Viral exanthems in childhood. 871 3

Transmission of infectious agents from a patient to the following one in the medical office may result from infected collyria, from contact to the cornea by infected instruments or simply by the hands of the medical staff if some rules of hygiene are not respected. The prevention comprises the instillation without contact of the collyria, the adequate disinfection of instruments and the frequent hand washing. The disinfection of the tonometers and contact glasses aims particularly the elimination of viruses. If the virus of herpes, hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency are eliminated by hypochlorite, oxygenated water and alcohol after 10 minutes, the adenovirus which is not coated is on the other hand resistant to alcohol and may survive several days on instruments. Ideally the disinfection would have to be performed between each utilization by soaking in bleach water at 500 ppm, or in chloramine 0.5%, or in hydrogen peroxide 3% (during 10 minutes). The alcohol may damage the glue of diagnostic contact lens. The hypochlorite attacks the metal. In case of possible contact with the blood of the patient, the wear of gloves is counseled (for example for fluorescein angiography) and is of course mandatory for surgical procedures in the office like excision of chalazion or keratotomy. Disposable needles will be thrown in solid wall containers reserved to this aim without being recapped.
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PMID:[Prevention of infections in the ophthalmology office]. 902 12

Two hundred years ago Edward Jenner inoculated James Phipps with vaccinia and 181 years later smallpox had disappeared from the surface of the earth as a result of generalized vaccination. Compared to the requirements of modern vaccinology, the procedures used by Jenner and his successors, were extremely primitive because of an almost total lack of knowledge in the field of microbiology and immunology. The active principle of smallpox vaccine is vaccinia virus, which in many respects, differs from that of natural cowpox; the term "cowpox" has been used for more than a century and a half to designate the vaccine; it appears itself to be a misnomer, because it is most probably by a virus of rodents, which only occasionally infects bovines or other species, especially cats. The origin of vaccinia remains doubtful, but a plausible explanation is that it is derived from horse-pox. Jenner was convinced that he was working with a virus of equine origin, which was occasionally transmitted from the horse to the cow by the personnel on the farms. Horse pox has now completely disappeared. Especially during the first years after Jenner's discovery, great confusion was caused by other lesions on the cow's udder, which were called "spurious cowpox". We know today that these lesions could be caused by the viruses of papular stomatitis, pseudo-cowpox or para-vaccinia (milker's nodules), herpes mammilitis and papillomatosis; they could not be differentiated from those of cowpox or vaccinia, in addition lesions due to bacteria or other causes also led to confusion. During the first eighty years the vaccine was being transferred almost exclusively from arm to arm with the risks inherent in this procedure; one of the reasons for applying this method was the fear of "bestialization" thought to be linked with the use of material of animal origin. Several contaminations have been observed as a result of the use of the arm-to-arm procedure: smallpox was transmitted, especially in the beginning, because vaccinations were carried out in a contaminated environment. Syphilis was diagnosed in several countries after the use of vaccine taken from syphilis patients. At least two foci of hepatitis were reported after the use of contaminated human lymph. Transmission of tuberculosis or what was then designated as scrofulosis was unlikely, but was used as one of the main arguments against vaccination by the antivaccinists. Varicella and measles were transmitted from time to time with the vaccine and also bacterial infections, such as staphylococci, streptococci e.a. From the global point of view, however, the number of contaminations remained limited in comparison with the large numbers of vaccinations that were performed. Another problem the early vaccinators were facing, was that of the decline and disappearance of the immunity after a certain number of years. Jenner and his successors believed that the immunity post vaccination would be lifelong as it was after variolation. When in the early part of the 19th century more and more immunity breakdowns occurred, this observation led to total confusion and it took dozens of years of debate and controversy before the only logical and efficacious measure, i.e. revaccination, was generally accepted and implemented. In the last third of the 19th century "human lymph", obtained by arm-to-arm vaccination, was gradually replaced everywhere by animal lymph i.e. vaccine produced on the skin of animals, mainly calves. The determining factor in the switch was the risk of vaccination syphilis. Everywhere vaccine institutes were created, where the vaccinia virus was propagated on the skin of calves. The harvested virus served each time for the inoculation of fresh calves; this resulted in a gradual increase of the number of passages leading to the possible risk of overattenuation. To avoid this risk, passages in man, donkeys, rabbits or other species were performed from time to time.
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PMID:[Jenner's cowpox vaccine in light of current vaccinology]. 902 32

Hepatitis due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is unusual in healthy individuals. To date, only 56 cases of HSV hepatitis in adult patients have been reported, including 21 pregnant patients. We describe a 25-year-old white woman in her 30th week of gestation who had progressive acute hepatitis. Histologic examination of the liver biopsy specimen showed diffuse microabscesses involving more than 50% of the hepatic parenchyma, with multiple hepatocytes containing Cowdry type A and ground-glass nuclear inclusions. The diagnosis of herpes hepatitis was confirmed by positive immunoreactivity to HSV antibodies in the tissue sections. Intravenous acyclovir therapy was immediately initiated, and the patient's condition improved dramatically. She then had a normal baby at term. Subsequently, the patient had a second pregnancy and an uncomplicated vaginal delivery without recurrence of the disease. Even though alterations of the humoral and cell-mediated immunity occur during pregnancy, herpes hepatitis is rare in pregnant women. Since the prompt administration of antiviral drugs is a lifesaving measure, we recommend including HSV hepatitis in the differential diagnosis of acute hepatitis in pregnancy.
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PMID:Gestational herpes simplex virus hepatitis. 907 13

Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease of unknown cause. Apart from genetic markers such as HLA DR3 and HLA DR4, female predominance, hypergammaglobulinaemia and characteristic autoantibodies are diagnostic hallmarks. Several viruses have been discussed to induce autoimmune hepatitis, among them all major hepatotropic viruses, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus. It seems that herpes viruses may be responsible in at least some cases of patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 2. Furthermore, hepatotropic viruses like hepatitis C and hepatitis D virus may cause autoimmune phenomena which are similar to those in idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis. LKM-1 antibodies in hepatitis C and LKM-3 antibodies in hepatitis D may cause diagnostic problems. LKM-1 antibodies in hepatitis C are directed either against cytochrome P450 2D6 or other yet unidentified microsomal antigens. As in hepatitis C the antimicrosomal autoantibody response in hepatitis D is more heterogeneous. These LKM-3 antibodies react with several epitopes on proteins of family 1 and 2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). Additional autoantibodies are seen in hepatitis D virus infection. Liver diseases are models to study autoimmune disease, drug-induced and virus-induced autoimmunity in humans.
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PMID:Hepatotropic viruses and autoimmunity 1997. 909 72


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