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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was performed to establish the value of immune adherence haemagglutination tests for antibody to hepatitis A virus in the diagnosis of non-B hepatitis. Infection with hepatitis A virus was confirmed in 14 out of 16 patients from six families and seven out of nine patients in whom the source of infection was unknown. One additional patient, who had had two episodes of jaundice, was shown to have had an attack of hepatitis A followed by an attack of hepatitis B. In patients with acute hepatitis A antibody detectable by immune adherence haemagglutination becomes detectable three or four weeks after the onset of symptoms and reaches peak levels about five weeks later.
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PMID:Non-B hepatitis in Melbourne: a serological study of hepatitis A virus infection. 18 15

An epidemic of viral hepatitis type A in an arctic area is described. From 1970-1974, 4961 clinical cases of hepatitis were reported in Greenland, corresponding to 11 per cent of the total population. Epidemiologic surveillance indicated person-to-person transmission of the disease, apparently by the oralfecal route. The course of the disease was mild, and complications were rare with a case fatality rate of 0.3%. Ninety-three per cent of the cases occurred in individuals 1-25 years of age, suggesting widespread immunity in the adult population presumably due to infection with hepatitis A during a similar epidemic in 1947-1948. The occurrence of antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA) in healthy Greenlanders, as detected by radioimmunoassay, closely paralleled this observation. Anti-HA was present in 38 (93%) of 41 individuals born before 1948 and in one (3%) of 29 younger persons. Anti-HA also was detected during the epidemic in the sera of 25 randomly selected hepatitis cases. Immunoglobin analysis in three acute-phase sera showed anti-HA reactivity predominantly in the IgM fraction. The epidemic showed no relation to the hepatitis episodes occurring annually in the area, and seroepidemiologic data indicated that the endemic hepatitis may be caused by hepatitis B virus only.
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PMID:Hepatitis Ain Greenland: importance of specific antibody testing in epidemiologic surveillance. 18

In October 1974, a large foodborne outbreak of hepatitis occurred among naval personnel undergoing basic training at the Naval Training Center, San Diego, California. Of the 2781 recruits eating at the implicated dining hall on the day disease transmission occurred, 133 developed clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatitis for an attack rate of 47.8/1000. The epidemiologic investigation suggested that hepatitis A virus was the etiologic agent, and this was subsequently confirmed by laboratory examination. The index and source case was a recuit food-handler who experienced prodromal symptoms of hepatitis while preparing salads and fresh fruit 32 days prior to the outbreak. A food preference questionnaire implicated tossed salad and fresh grapefruit as the specific vehicles of transmission.
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PMID:An outbreak of type A viral hepatitis at the Naval Training Center, San Diego: epidemiologic evaluation. 18 1

Stool specimens, collected from 8 children with viral hepatitis [5 of type A, presumably, and 3 of type B (HBsAg-positive)] during the acute phase, were examined in the electron microscope. The presence of 27-nm virus-like particles, aggregated by the convalescent serum of a chimpanzee infected with MS-1 and not by the serum of the same animal drawn before infection, was detected by immune electron microscopy (IEM) in the stools of 3 out of the 5 children with suspected hepatitis A. The virus-like particles (HA-Ag) present in the stools were aggregated by the serum drawn from the corresponding subject during convalescence and not by that obtained in the acute phase of the disease. Employing as antigen a stool particle preparation purified by isopycnic banding in cesium cloride, it was pointed out that, in all 5 children with suspected hepatitis A, antibodies capable to cause the aggregation of HA-Ag particles, appeared. Anti-HA antibodies turned out to be present also in three lots of commercial immunoglobulins. In the three subjects with type B hepatitis (HBsAg-positive) neither virus-like particles with a 27-nm diameter were observed, nor anti-HA antibodies appeared in the convalescent serum.
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PMID:Virus-like antigen associated with hepatitis A: investigations in children's acute hepatitis. 18 87

Forty-one faecal samples from infectious-hepatitis patients and their contacts were investigated for the presence of hepatitis-A-associated viral particles. Of these, 16 gave a positive result by immune electronmicroscopy or caesium-chloride density-gradient centrifugation. The latter method proved invaluable in detecting small numbers of virus particles. The particles found had buoyant density of 1-34-1-35 and a size range of 21-28 nm. Epidemiological evidence suggested that they might be the causative agent of hepatitis A.
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PMID:Small virus particles in faeces of patients with infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A). 19 Apr 3

Plasma cyclic AMP concentration during glucagon infusion at various time intervals was determined in 8 normal subjects, 9 patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and 10 patients with cholestatic hepatitis (hepatitis A and B). Plasma cyclic AMP concentrations (pmol/ml) during glucagon infusion in patients with both obstructive jaundice and cholestatic hepatitis were found to be greater than those in control subjects. In addition, a significant difference in plasma cyclic AMP concentrations was found between patients with cholestatic hepatitis and obstructive jaundice at the 10th minute of glucagon infusion. These results indicate that plasma cyclic AMP levels at the 10th minute of glucagon infusion represent a reliable diagnostic index of cholestatic jaundice.
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PMID:Effect of glucagon infusion on plasma cyclic AMP in patients with cholestatic hepatitis and obstructive jaundice. New test of hepatic cholestasis. 19 91

To define more completely the period of fecal excretion of virus during hepatitis A virus infection, we studied 24 fecal samples from six children with clinical illness during an epidemic of type A hepatitis. As determined by immune electron microscopy, the six patients had detectable viral excretion before or by the time of the first abnormality in serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (alanine aminotransferase). Viral excretion reached a peak early and declined to undetectable levels before levels of serum enzyme reached a peak. These data accord with epidemiologic evidence that the person who already has symptoms and signs of type A hepatitis is unlikely to transmit the infection to others. Immune electron microscopy, therefore, may be a better index to the period of communicability than studies of experimental infection in human subjects. This conclusion would imply that precautions against fecal contamination are not usually necessary for patients hospitalized with type A hepatitis.
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PMID:Fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in humans. 19 99

In studies conducted in the early 1950s, sera from six asymptomatic blood donors, implicated in the transmission of viral hepatitis, were inoculated into 10 to 20 volunteers each. Five of these "implicated" donor sera transmitted clinically apparent hepatitis to the recipients. The stored serum samples from these studies have been reanalyzed using serologic markers for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis A virus infection. Two of the donor sera were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive, and both transmitted hepatitis B virus infection to all susceptible recipients, half of whom showing clinical symptoms. The remaining three infectious donors were HBs-Ag-negative, yet were icterogenic to 10% to 47% of recipients. Testing of serum samples from these recipients with hepatitis showed no evidence of hepatitis B virus or hepatitis A virus infection. This study and other recent evidence suggest that there is a third type of human viral hepatitis--non-A, non-B hepatitis--which is due to a transmissible agent and may well be associated with a chronic carrier state.
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PMID:Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis. 19 5

In 1972 a nonsocomial outbreak of parenterally transmitted hepatitis affected both marrow transplant patients and normal platelet donors in an oncology unit. Because of the characteristics of the clinical illness, the incubation period of 27 days, and the effect of immune serum globulin on the clinical illness, the outbreak was attributed to hepatitis A; there was no serologic evidence of either hepatitis B virus or cytomegalovirus infection. Stored serums from this outbreak were re-examined by more recently developed serologic techniques for evidence of hepatitis A (HA) virus infection. Ten patients and donors had undetectable anti-HA titers before illness and none seroconverted; five persons had pre-existent anti-HA titers and showed no further rise in convalescent serums. The serum of one patient was inevaluable. With the availability of serologic techniques for the diagnosis of both hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infections, it is clear that most cases of post-transfusion hepatitis are not due to either of these agents, and short-incubation-period hepatitis can not be assumed to be hepatitis A without further investigation.
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PMID:Parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: an epidemic reassessed. 19 6

Resulting directly from the discovery of virus-related antigens, rapid progress has marked the last decade of viral hepatitis research. The hepatitis B virion has been tentatively identified as a DNA virus with an endogenous DNA polymerase, and new serological markers for type B hepatitis have been discovered. Hepatitis A antigen has been identified on a virus-like particle thought to be the hepatitis A virion. Progressively more sophisticated assays for hepatitis antigens and antibodies have been applied to the study of viral hepatitis epidemiology and biochemical-biophysical characterization of the agents. Most recently, knowledge learned from such studies has been exploited to develop a prototype non-infectious but immunogenic hepatitis B vaccine using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) purified in large quantities from chronic HBsAg carriers. Especially exciting is the prospect, suggested by serological studies of viral hepatitis, that hepatitis viruses besides hepatitis A and B viruses will be identified.
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PMID:Recent advances in the identification of hepatitis viruses. 19 74


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