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Query: UMLS:C0019158 (hepatitis)
 30,205 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred patients on chronic haemodialysis were studied prospectively over one year for evidence of hepatitis and of infection with hepatitis A or B virus. Five patients developed transient elevations of SGPT, accompanied by a consistent pattern of clinical manifestations, including low-grade fever, anorexia, nausea, hepatomegaly, and hypotension during dialysis. None of these patients had a positive test for A or B virus infection. Non-A non-B hepatitis appears to cause a specific syndrome in uraemic patients, and its transmission in a dialysis unit seems unrelated to blood transfusions.
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PMID:Non-A, non-B hepatitis: a new syndrome in uraemic patients. 12 59

Data obtained concerning Hepatitis B as a possible couse of Down's syndrome, neonatal hepatitis, and the occurrence of Hepatitis A and B in institutionalized Down's syndrome and matched non-Down's syndrome retarded patients was summarized. The results of our studies indicated that Hepatitis B infection during pregnancy was not related to the genetic changes associated with Down's syndrome. It was further indicated that in institutionalized patients the incidence of Hepatitis B infection in both Down's syndrome and other mentally retarded patients was similar. Within the institition we studied, the incidence of Hepatitis B varied among wards. This ward variation seemed to be related to age at time of institutionalization and degree of mental retardation. Those patients with most retardation and those institutionalized at an early age were placed on wards with highest incidence of Hepatitis B antigenemia.
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PMID:Hepatitis and Down's syndrome. 12 5

Institutionalized patients with Down syndrome and matched controls with other causes of mental retardation were tested by immune adherence hemagglutination for the presence of antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA). Altogether 75.1% (175 of 233) exhibited presence of anti-HA, with no differences by sex or age. Patients reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or its antibody (anti-HBs) were reactive for anti-HA significantly more frequently than those with a negative reaction for these markers. In contrast to serologic markers of hepatitis type B, prevalence of anti-HA does not depend on the cause of mental retardation or on the age at primary infection. The rate of anti-HA positivity was found to be closely correlated with duration of institutionalization. The study confirmed that many closed institutions for the mentally retarded are hyperendemic for hepatitis type A and that formation of anti-HA is not greatly affected by either immune deficiency or immune immaturity.
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PMID:Antibody to hepatitis A antigen in institutionalized mentally retarded patients. 13 79

Twenty-two patients who had an episode of transfusion-associated hepatitis not positive for hepatitis B antigen were examined for development of antibody to heaptitis A and B antigens, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Antibody response to the 27-nm virus-like hepatitis A antigen was measured by immune electron microscopy. In none of the 22 patients studied did serologic evidence of infection with hepatitis A virus develop during the study period. Nine of the 22 patients had antibody responses to cytomegalovirus, but it was difficult to relate these seroconversions to their hepatitis. In addition, all 22 patients had pre-existing antibody to the Epstein-Barr virus. It seems likely that at least a proportion of such antigen-negative transfusion-associated hepatitis is caused by other infectious agents, not yet identified.
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PMID:Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. 16 36

Hepatitis A antibody was detected by specific immune adherence and complement-fixation tests in a study involving 473 serum specimens from 20 patients who had viral hepatitis, Type A. In all 20 patients who had no detectable immune adherence antibody (less than 1:5) before onset of hepatitis high levels (greater than or equal to 1:1024) developed one to four weeks later, occasionally reaching peak levels exceeding greater than or equal to 1:81,920 several months thereafter. Five to 10 years later the immune adherence antibody levels ranged between 1:640 and 1:20,480. In general, the complement-fixation test was not as sensitive or as specific as the immune adherence test. These findings indicate that the immune adherence test should be a valuable tool for diagnosis, for epidemiologic surveys, for identification of susceptible and immune persons, for quantitative assays of gamma globulin and for identification of hepatitis A virus in attempts to propagate the virus in cell culture.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis, type A. Identification by specific complement fixation and immune adherence tests. 16 27

A specific diagnostic complement-fixation test for hepatitis A antibody in human serum was described employing livers of marmosets infected with CR326 strain human hepatitis A virus. Persons with hepatitis A, but not hepatitis B, developed hepatitis A CF antibody shortly after the onset of illness and this persisted thereafter. Good agreement was noted in the development of CF and neutralizing antibodies in hepatitis A cases. Hepatitis A was shown to occur in a person with hepatitis B antigenemia and hepatitis B occurred in persons with hepatitis A antibody. Most persons with hepatitis A who were tested, but none of those with hepatitis B, developed increased anticomplementary activity in their sera at the time of onset of illness. At least one patient with hepatitis A developed antibody against normal liver that persisted. The possible inplications of this in relation to pathogenesis and to non-specific diagnostic tests in hepatitis were discussed. A limited epidemiologic study of a family outbreak of hepatitis in Costa Rica and of a group of young adults in our epidemic country acquire their infections at an early age and are immune thereafter; persons in areas of relatively low incidence may proceed into adulthood without experience with hepatitis A. The CF test should provide an excellent tool for diagnosis and for epidemiologic investigation of hepatitis A and should be of considerable value to detect hepatitis A virus in attempts to propagate the virus in cell culture.
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PMID:A specific complement-fixation test for human hepatitis a employing CR326 virus antigen. Diagnosis and epidemiology. 16 48

A specific immune adherence (IA) test for hepatitis A antibody in human serum was described employing liver extract of marmosets infected with CR326 strain human hepatitis A virus. Persons with hepatitis A, but not hepatitis B, developed hepatitis A IA antibody soon after onset of the acute illness and this persisted thereafter. There was very close agreement in the tests for human hepatitis A immune adherence, complement fixing (CF) and neutralizing antibodies. IA antibodies appeared to develop somewhat later than CF or neutralizing antibody. A limited epidemiologic study of a family outbreak of hepatitis A and B in Costa Rica showed simultaneous occurrence of the two diseases and was supportive of the concept that susceptible persons in a country with high hepatitis A prevalence generally acquire their infections at an early age and are immune thereafter. Most persons of high socioeconomic level in an area of low hepatitis A incidence may proceed to adulthood without experience with hepatitis A. Person of low socioeconomic level, however, such as commercial blood bank donors and prisoners, show high incidence of hepatitis A antibody. Hepatitis IA and CF antibodies persisted in human subjects for at least 7 hr after hepatitis A virus infection. Captive chimpanzees and grivet and rhesus monkeys, not given hepatitis A virus, showed evidence of previous experience with human hepatitis A or an antigenically related virus based on tests for hepatitis A antibody. Other subhuman primates, rodents, and swine, not given hepatitis A virus, were without hepatitis A antibody. The IA test provides an excellent tool for diagnostic and epidemiologic investigations of hepatitis A and should be of considerable value to detect hepatitis A virus in attempts to propagate the virus in cell culture. There was considerable difference in hepatitis A IA antibody content of different lots of commercial human immune globulin, though the majority titered 1:4000 or 1:8000.
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PMID:Specific immune adherence assay for human hepatitis A antibody application to diagnostic and epidemiologic investigations. 16 76

The susceptibility of chimpanzees to viral hepatitis type A was examined with immine electron microscopy. Of four seronegative infant chimpanzees, two were inoculated with a hepatitis A acute-phase stool filtrate rich in 27 nm virus-like hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) particles, and two were inoculated with an HA Ag-negative preinfection stool filtrate. One of each pair of chimpanzees was inoculated intravenously, the other orally. One month later both chimpanzees that had received the HA Ag-positive filtrate developed biochemical, histologic, and clinical evidence of acute viral hepatitis. HA Ag particle (27 nm) were detected in their stools by immune electron microscopy; particle shedding followed a pattern similar to that in human volunteers. Immune electron microscopy also showed that antibody HA Ag had developed in the convalescent-phase sera of the infected chimpanzees. Control animals remained free of illness at this time but did develop hepatitis three to five weeks after exposure to the two infected chimpanzee-. The infectious inoculum was titrated in two additional seronegative chimpanzees. It was concluded that hepatitis a can be successfully transmitted to seronegative chimpanzees. Moreover, these studies provide further evidence that the 27-nm virus-like HA Ag particle is the etiologic agent of viral hepatitis type A.
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PMID:Experimental infection of chimpanzees with hepatitis A virus. 17 20

During the past decade new development in hepatitis research have shed new light on the etiologic, epidemiologic, immunologic, and prophylactic aspects of type A and B hepatitis virus infection. Recent advances in hepatitis A virus research include: (1) identification of the virus as a 27 nm particle with characteristics resembling an enterovirus, (2) transmission of the infection to marmosets and chimpanzees, and (3) development of specific complement fixation and immune adherence antibody tests. Recent advances in hepatitis B research include: (1) identification of the virus as a 42 nm particle (Dane particle) containing an outer coat, the hepatitis B surface antigen, and an inner core, the hepatitis B core antigen, (2) development of specific tests to detect the hepatitis B antigens and their respective antibodies, (3) transmission of the infection to chimpanzees, (4) development of a specific hepatitis B immune serum globulin, and (5) development of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine.
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PMID:Viral hepatitis: recent developments and prospects for prevention. 17 63

In studies of hepatitis in an endemic zone in Costa Rica, 103 patients were examined for antibodies against hepatitts A by the immune-adherence assay, for hepatitis B antigen and its antibody by radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination, respectively, and for antibodies against cytomegalovirus by complement fixation. Twelve cases were encountered in which both Type A and Type B hepatitis could be excluded on the basis of serologic testing. In all but one of these 12 patients, cytomegalovirus infection was also excluded. The patients had not had blood transfusions and available evidence pointed to person-to-person transmission. The illness in these patients was evidently neither hepatitis A nor hepatitis B and qualifies for consideration as the still hypothetical third type of hepatitis ("C"?).
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PMID:Evidence for viral hepatitis other than type A or type B among persons in Costa Rica. 17 77


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